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摘要:
携带角动量的矢量光场在微粒操控、光通信与显示、光学信息加密、高维量子信息处理等领域具有广阔应用。然而，传统的方法实现矢量光场调控通常需要使用多个级联的光学元件，如螺旋相位板、偏振片、四分之一波片、涡旋波片、空间光调制器等，导致器件体积庞大，不符合未来光子器件集成化的需求。超构表面的快速发展为集成化矢量光场调控器件的实现提供变革性解决方案。本文概述了国内外基于超构表面的矢量光场调控和检测的相关研究进展。在此基础上，系统总结了现阶段超构表面矢量光场在微粒操控、边缘增强成像、全息显示以及机器视觉等领域的应用。最后，我们对全文进行了总结和讨论，并提出超构表面矢量光场所面临的挑战和未来发展方向。
Abstract:The vector light field carrying angular momentum finds wide applications in various fields, such as particle manipulation, optical communication and display, optical information encryption, and high-dimensional quantum information processing. However, the conventional approach to vector light field regulation typically involves a series of cascaded optical elements, such as spiral phase plates, polarizers, quarter wave plates, vortex wave plates, spatial light modulators, etc., resulting in a bulky device that does not meet the requirements for future photonic device integration. The rapid development of metasurfaces offers a transformative solution for realizing integrated meta-devices for vector light field control. In this paper, we summarize the research progress on metasurface-based control and detection of vector light fields. Then, we systematically summarize the current applications of metasurface-based vector light fields in particle manipulation, edge enhancement imaging, holographic display, machine vision, and so on. Finally, we have summarized and discussed the full text as well as the challenges and provided an outlook on this emerging field.
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Key words:
- metasurface /
- vector field /
- polarization /
- regulation
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Overview: The vector light field carrying angular momentum finds wide applications in various fields such as particle manipulation, optical communication and display, optical information encryption, and high-dimensional quantum information processing. However, the conventional approach to vector light field regulation and detection typically involves a series of cascaded optical elements, such as spiral phase plates, polarizers, quarter wave plates, vortex wave plates, spatial light modulators, etc., resulting in a bulky device that does not meet the requirements for future photonic device integration. Metasurfaces, which are subwavelength spatially arrayed nanostructures at an interface, possess the ability to accurately control the abundant physical dimensions of light, including phase, amplitude, wavelength, polarization, and angular momentum. Owning to the unprecedented wavefront manipulation capacities, metasurfaces have enabled a series of highly compact and efficient meta-devices. The rapid development of metasurfaces also offers a transformative solution for realizing integrated meta-devices for vector light field control. In this paper, we summarize the research progress on metasurface-based control and detection of vector light fields. The basic principle and typical design strategy for vector light field modulation and detection are introduced in detail. For vector light field modulation, we review the principles and methods of generating vortex light field (donut distribution of light field energy) and vector holography (various patterns of light field energy), respectively. For vector light field detection based on metasurfaces, we introduce the development process from angular momentum detection to total Stokes parameters detection. Then, we systematically summarize the current applications of metasurface-based vector light fields in particle manipulation, edge enhancement imaging, holographic display, machine vision, and so on. Finally, we have summarized and discussed the full text as well as the challenges and provided an outlook on this emerging field.
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图 1 (a)标准庞加莱球及其典型标量光束表示；(b)高阶庞加莱球及其典型矢量光束表示，此处展示1阶庞加莱球
Figure 1. (a) Representation of typical scalar beams on the standard PS; (b) Representation of typical vector beams on the HOPS. Here we choose the 1-order HOPS as an example
图 2 超构表面矢量光束调控国内外研究现状。(a)等离子体超构表面涡旋产生器的SEM图像及测试的远场能量图像[10]；(b) J-片的原理工作图，它可以将任意正交偏振对转化为具有独立拓扑电荷值的两束涡旋光[45]；(c)基于多原子组合超构表面的完美矢量涡旋光束[53]；(d)宽带完美庞加莱球矢量光束的产生[54]；(e)动态调控的杂交嫁接完美矢量涡旋光[55]；(f)基于四元体超构表面的涡旋光束产生[56]；(g)基于纳米环形孔径单元的片上无干扰角动量复用器原理图[59]；(h) 硅基OAM片上发射器的原理图[60]；(i)光纤端面产生任意结构光束的示意图[3]
Figure 2. Current researches on metasurface vector beam regulation. (a) SEM image of the plasmonic vortex beam generator and the measured far-field intensity profiles[10]; (b) Schematic and operating concept of the J-plate that converts an arbitrary pair of orthogonal polarization states into two beams with independent values of topological charges[45]; (c) Generation of perfect vector vortex beams with various topological charges via a composite element metasurface[53]; (d) Schematic of generating broadband perfect Poincaré sphere vector beams[54]; (e) Dynamic generation of hybrid grafted perfect vector vortex beams[55]; (f) Schematic of the meta-quadrumer for vortex generation[56]; (g) Schematic of the nano-ring aperture unit for on-chip noninterference AM multiplexing[59]; (h) Schematic of a silicon-based OAM emitter[60]; (i) Schematic of generating arbitrarily structured light on meta-fibers[3]
图 3 超构表面矢量全息国内外研究现状。(a)正交圆偏振切换的超构表面全息[72]；(b)三线偏振通道组合的彩色矢量全息展示[74]；(c)基于双原子单元超构表面的全偏振矢量全息[75]；(d)基于组合几何相位单元的宽带全偏振矢量全息[76]；(e)液晶集成的彩色打印和矢量全息双功能器件[77]；(f)基于非交错超构表面的三维全偏振矢量全息示意图[78]；(g)双波长矢量全息示意图[79]；(h) 彩色全偏振矢量全息示意图[80]；(i)基于极简超构表面的角动量全息示意图[81]
Figure 3. Current researches on metasurface vectorial holography. (a) Schematic of the orthogonal circularly polarization switchable metasurface hologram[72]; (b) Demonstration of three LP channel multiplexing for vectorial full color holographic display[74]; (c) Full-polarization vector holography based on diatomic metasurfaces[75]; (d) Broadband full-polarization vector holography based on geometric phase metasurfaces[76]; (e) Liquid crystal integrated color printing and vector holographic dual-function meat-devices[77]; (f) Schematic of the 3D full-polarization vectorial holography based on noninterleaved metasurfaces[78]; (g) Illustration of the dual-wavelength vectorial meta-hologram[79]; (h) Schematic of the color full-polarization vectorial hologram[80]; (i) Schematic of the angular momentum holography via a minimalist metasurface[81]
图 4 超构表面矢量光束检测器件研究现状。(a)片上轨道角动量模式检测器的示意图[83]；(b)基于等离子体纳米光栅结构的OAM检测器[87]；(c)基于自旋-霍尔超光栅结构的奇点检测器[86]；(d)自旋解耦合的超构表面实现光学奇点的检测[89]；(e)基于超构透镜组合的广义Hartmann-Shack传感器[82]；(f) 非交错的手性超构表面矢量光束测定器件示意图[90]；(g)全硅超构表面矢量光束测定器件示意图[91]
Figure 4. Current researches on metasurface vectorial beam detection devices. (a) Schematic of an on-chip OAM mode detector[83];(b) Schematic of the OAM detector based on a plamonic grating[87]; (c) Schematic of the singularity detector based on a spin-Hall meta-grating[86]; (d) Schematic of the singularity detector based on a spin-decoupled metasurface[89]; (e) Schematic of the general Hartmann-Shack sensor based on metalenses[82]; (f) Schematic of the vector beam detector based on non-interleaved chiral metasurfaces[90]; (g) Schematic of the vector beam detector based on all-silicon metasurfaces[91]
图 5 超构表面矢量光束应用研究现状。(a)超构表面聚焦涡旋光场光镊示意图[92]；(b)基于自旋复用的超构表面明场与边缘成像示意图[96]；(c)多通道角动量复用与解复器件示意图[97]；(d) 柱矢量光束复用通信系统示意图[93]；(e)超构表面OAM复用全息示意图[98]；(f)高精度模式特征编码的OAM机器学习原理图[100]
Figure 5. Current researches on metasurface vectorial beam applications. (a) Schematic of optical tweezers based on metasurface focusing vortex field[92]; (b) Schematic of the spin-multiplexed metasurface for bright-field imaging and edge-enhanced contrast imaging[96]; (c) Schematic of the multi-channel AM multiplexer/demultiplexer[97]; (d) Schematic of the cylindrical vectorial beam multiplexing communication system[93]; (e) Schematic of the metasurface OAM-multiplexed holography[98]; (f) Schematic of OAM-mediated machine learning for high-accuracy mode-feature encoding[100]
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