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摘要:
对光场各自由度的单一或协同调控获得的结构光场由于具有新颖的物理性质，展现了重要的研究意义和应用价值。例如，轨道角动量作为一种全新的调控自由度直接影响光场相位与空间分布，常通过单独作用或共同作用构造高维空间，调控生成的涡旋光场及矢量光场已广泛应用于超大容量光通信、遥感探测、量子通信等领域。在此基础上，针对日益发展的前沿应用需求，引入新的光场调控自由度与传统自由度结合，进一步拓展高维和多维的结构光场研究成为了亟待解决的问题。本文首先从双自由度调控技术出发，以矢量涡旋光场为重点介绍了两种典型内癝自由度的耦合以及作用方式；在此基础上，结合本课题组的相关工作，系统综述了超越传统自由度并打破双自由度数目限制的复杂结构光场调控技术。
Abstract:Structured beams manipulated by single or multiple degrees of freedom (DoFs) present novel physical properties, showing important research significance and practical value. Among them, orbital angular momentum (OAM), as a novel DoF, directly decides the phase and spatial distribution of laser beams. The independent manipulation of OAM or the coupled manipulation with spin angular momentum enables the construction of high-dimensional Hilbert space, which has already found broad applications in domains like ultra-large capacity optical communication, remote sensing detection and quantum communication. On this basis, considering the rapidly evolving application requirements, there is still a significant challenge to integrate the novel degrees of freedom with the traditional degrees of freedom, limiting the extension and expansion of high-dimensional and multi-dimensional structured beams. In this paper, from the perspective of two-degree-of-freedom manipulation methods, a series of structured beams coupled by two intrinsic DoFs is reviewed with emphasis on the vectorial vortex beams. Furthermore, we systematically review the manipulation of complex structured beams with multiple degrees of freedom that overcome the limitations of conventional two-degree-of-freedom. Also, the related work of our team is discussed here.
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Overview: By tailoring single or multiple degrees of freedom, structured beams with novel physical properties have gained numerous interests. With the development of modern optics, the increasing advanced applications require more DoFs of laser field to be coupled and flexibly manipulated. Among the various DoFs, SAM, as an intrinsic DoF, has been applied to modulate vector beams. While OAM, as an emerging DoF, decides the vortex beams with helical phase. The coupling of above two enabling the construction of high-dimensional Hilbert space, forms the vector vortex beams with phase and polarization singularities, which has already found broad applications in domains like ultra-large capacity optical communication, remote sensing detection and quantum communication. Besides the vector vortex beams, most structured beams are manipulated by only one or two coupled DoFs, like ray-wave structured light and spatiotemporal light. The ability to simultaneously tailor more DoFs and generate a family of complex structured beams is crucial in the cutting-edge realm. The non-separable states, optical skyrmions and photonic hopfions can be seen as the typical instance. However, there is still a significant challenge to integrate the novel degrees of freedom with the traditional degrees of freedom, limiting the extension and expansion of high-dimensional and multi-dimensional structured beams. In this paper, from the perspective of extent of the multi-DoFs coupling, we systematically review the manipulation methods and a series of corresponding structured beams. Begin with the SAM-OAM coupled vectorial vortex beams, the principle and representation is briefly presented. Classified by the generation mechanism, the extra-cavity and intra-cavity manipulation methods are also summarized. The extra-cavity generation is mainly achieved by combining orthogonally polarized beams with different OAMs, while the intra-cavity manipulation is achieved by inserting SAM-OAM coupling devices like Q-Plate and metasurface. Further, the "super-degree-of-freedom" complex structured light field, denoting the three and more DoFs combined beams, are introduced here: A bunch of SU(2) beams have the unique properties as ray-wave duality, capable of unveiling more flexibly controlled DoFs; complex vortex arrays, manipulated with the path DoF, can be simply achieved by the diffractive optical elements; spatiotemporal vortex beams has extending the OAM to time domain. Such structured beams have already exploited more than five DoFs. Of course, due to the abundant degrees of freedom of the light field and the various ways of combination, this paper does not cover all the complex structured light fields, but selects the most representative and common structured light fields with great practical value, and it is not difficult to find the possibility of further expansion of the degree of freedom in the further study.
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图 2 矢量涡旋光场的腔内调控方法。(a) 基于Q波片与QWP耦合作用的高阶庞加莱球光束腔内调控过程[75]；(b) 基于Q波片与QWP耦合作用对特定矢量涡旋光场的非线性腔内调控结构[76]；(c) 基于Q波片与环腔作用的单频柱矢量涡旋光束的调控结构[78]；(d) 基于J板对杂合庞加莱球上光束的腔内调控结构[79]
Figure 2. The intra-cavity manipulation of VVBs. (a) The generation of high-order Poincare sphere beams from a laser using Q-plate [75]; (b) The non-linear generation of wave-tunable CVBs in OPO cavity[76]; (c) The scheme of single-frequency CVBs laser[78]; (d) The generation of hybrid Poincare sphere beams using meta-surface[79]
图 3 SU(2)相干态光场的表征与调控方式。(a) SU(2)庞加莱球[80]；(b) SU(2)基本相干态中频率简并度与相对相位自由度对射线簇的影响[86]；(c) 基于偏振、射线振动方向、周期振荡位置三自由度八维光场的基本调控原理[88]；(d) 基于SLM对标量光场调控模拟(c)中不可分离态的装置[90]；(e) 基于OAM、SAM与路径三自由度最大不可分离态的调控[93]
Figure 3. The representation and manipulation of SU (2) coherent states. (a) SU (2) Poincare sphere beams[80]; (b) The SU(2) coherent states decided by the frequency degeneracy and the coherent phase[83]; (c) The manipulation principle of 3-DoFs 8-dimensional nonseparable states[85]; (d) The digital modulation of SU(2) coherent states[87]; (e) The intra-cavity manipulation of 3-DoF nonseparable states[90]
图 4 多自由度耦合的复杂涡旋阵列光场。(a) 二维光栅调控SAM-OAM产生的矢量涡旋阵列[99]；(b) 由纯相位光栅调控的五自由度矢量涡旋阵列[98]；(c) 三自由度调控下的高维涡旋阵列[100]
Figure 4. The complex vortex array coupled by multi-DoFs. (a) The vector vortices array manipulated by 2D grating[99]; (b) The five DoFs manipulation on vector vortices array using phase-only grating[98]; (c) The higher dimensional vector vortices array manipulated by 3-DoFs[100]
图 5 时空域多自由度协同调控光场。(a) 双OAM可调时空光场[106]；(b) 标量时空涡旋光场[107]；(c)矢量时空涡旋光场[109]；(d) “光学涡环”[110]；(e) “光学海螺”[111]；(f) 超表面调控环形脉冲[112]；(g)超越二维拓扑结构的光学霍普夫子[113]
Figure 5. The novel structured beams manipulated by multi-DoFs in the space-time domain. (a) Spatiotemporal beams with two OAMs[106]; (b) The schematic diagram of scalar spatiotemporal vortices[107]; (c) The experimental scheme and the mode conversion of vector spatiotemporal vortices[109]; (d) Vortex rings of light[110]; (e) “Photonic conchs” [111]; (f) Flying electromagnetic doughnuts manipulated by metasurface[112]; (g) The photonic hopfions with 3D topological structure[113]
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