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摘要:
表面波作为一种信息或能量传递载体，在片上光学器件及系统中具有重要应用，然而实现近场表面波到远场传输波的高效自由调控是片上光子学领域中的基础难题。本文从表面波的远场辐射原理出发，介绍了人们利用超表面对表面波辐射场的相位、振幅、偏振态等多种参量的调控能力，以及表面波的定向辐射、远场聚焦、特殊光束激发、全息成像等复杂波前调控效应，最后对表面波远场辐射调控的主要挑战和未来发展做了总结。
Abstract:Surface wave (SW), as a kind of information or energy transportation platform, can find important applications in on-chip optical devices and systems. However, the efficient and free control from near-field SW to far-field propagation wave still suffers from fundamental challenges in the field of on-chip photonics. This paper starts with an introduction of the basic principles for far-field radiation. Then it reviews the approaches to control the multiple parameters (e.g., phase, amplitude, and polarization state) of the SW’s radiation field based on the metasurface, as well as the complex far-field wavefront manipulation of the surface wave, such as the directional radiation, far-field focusing, special beam excitation, and holographic imaging. Finally, the main challenges and future developments of far-field radiation control of SWs are summarized.
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Key words:
- on-chip optical fields /
- surface wave /
- far-field radiation /
- metasurface
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Overview: Surface waves (SWs), including surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) and their equivalent counterparts such as spoof SPPs and guided SWs, are a kind of eigen electromagnetic modes localized at the surface of the metal or artificial structure. As the information or energy carrier, SWs can find numerous applications in integration-optics. On the other hand, achieving freely tailored far-field radiations from SWs has also attracted much attention from science and technology. However, due to the momentum mismatch issue between SWs and free-space propagating waves (PWs), a long-standing issue is to find appropriate approaches to efficiently link these different electromagnetic modes.
One early representative device for radiation control of SWs is the leaky wave antenna (LWA), which can help people realize the directional radiation and the beam scanning of microwave radar signals. The travelling waves inside a waveguide of the LWA can be gradually radiated to the desired direction after suffering from some periodic Bragg modulations. Besides, people have also proposed to fabricate periodic textures surrounding a small aperture in a metal film to collimate the transmission light beam emerges from the aperture. Based on a similar concept, more intriguing effects of SW-PW radiation are also achieved, including far-field focusing, Airy beam, vortex beam generation, and so on. However, these Bragg devices still suffer from the issues of low efficiency, large size, and lack of degrees of freedom.
Recently, the two-dimensional metasurfaces, i.e., a kind of ultrathin metamaterial constructed by planar meta-atoms with the predetermined electromagnetic wave properties, have been proposed as the high-efficiency, high-integration, and multi-function platforms for freely modulating the near- to far- field radiations. Excited by the impinging SWs, a series of carefully designed meta-atoms can serve as the sub-sources and radiate the far-field PWs with freely tailored amplitudes, phases, as well as polarizations. Based on the interference effect, such metasurfaces can thus construct the arbitrary scattering far-field patterns in deep subwavelength scale, including the directional far-field radiation, focusing, holograms, vortex/vectorial beam generations, and so on. Moreover, new degrees of freedom, such as the incident directions of SWs and the far-field polarizations of radiated PWs, can be further utilized to implement more functionalities in the single meta-device. Such meta-devices, featured by mini-size, easy-integration, and high-performance, are highly desired in future integration-optics applications, e.g., leaky antenna, virtual reality imaging, and micro projector.
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图 2 光栅耦合器实现表面波的远场定向辐射。(a) “Bull’s eye”光栅实现异常透射光的定向辐射[19]；(b)表面光栅实现远场聚焦[23]；(c)金属狭缝光栅实现艾里光束辐射[24]
Figure 2. Far-field directional radiation of surface wave by grating coupler. (a) Directional radiation of the extraordinary optical transmission light by the "Bull's eye" grating[19]; (b) Far-field focusing of the surface wave via surface grating[23]; (c) Airy-beam radiation via metal-slit grating[24]
图 3 超表面实现表面波的定向远场辐射。(a)微波人工表面等离激元模式的定向辐射[30]；(b)基于透射式超表面实现微波段的人工表面等离激元模式的定向辐射 [32]；(c)近红外频段介质波导模式的定向辐射[34]
Figure 3. Far-field directional radiation of surface wave by metasurface. (a) Directional radiation of microwave spoof surface plasmon mode[30]; (b) Directional radiation of microwave spoof surface plasmon mode based on a transmissive metasurface[32]; (c) Directional radiation of near infrared dielectric waveguide mode [34]
图 4 表面波的复杂远场波前调控。(a)全息光栅实现表面等离激元激励下的艾里光束和涡旋光束激发[41]；(b)共振相位超表面实现介质波导模式的远场全息成像[42]；(c)几何相位超表面实现表面等离激元的复杂远场波前调控[18]；(d)串联型几何相位超表面实现铌酸锂波导模式的多功能远场全息[43]
Figure 4. Complex far-field wavefront manipulations of surface wave. (a) Holographic grating for Airy beam and vortex beam generation excited by surface plasmon[41]; (b) Resonant phase metasurface for far-field holography of the dielectric waveguide mode[42]; (c) Geometric phase metasurface for complex far-field wavefront control of surface plasmon[18]; (d) Multifunctional far-field holography of lithium niobate waveguide mode by a series of geometric phase metasurfaces[43]
图 5 表面波的多功能复用远场辐射调控。(a)基于二维复合光栅的路径复用双功能远场辐射调控[51]；(b)基于复合相位调控的多功能远场全息[57]
Figure 5. Multifunctional far-field manipulation of surface wave. (a) Optical path multiplexing dual-functional far-field radiation by two-dimensional composite grating[51]; (b) Multifunctional far-field holography based on composite phase modulation[57]
图 6 表面波远场矢量光场辐射调控。(a)偏振态可调的辐射远场聚焦[64]; (b)任意矢量涡旋光束激发[65]；(c)辐射光场的偏振态调控[66]；(d)全参量可调的矢量光场辐射[67]
Figure 6. Far-field vectorial optical field manipulation of surface wave. (a) Far-field focusing of far-fields with controllable polarization state[64]; (b) Arbitrary vectorial vortex beam generation[65]; (c) Far-fields radiation with adjustable polarization [66]; (d) Full-parameter controllable vectorial optical field radiation[67]
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