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摘要:
作为一种将光谱信息和空间信息相结合的技术，光谱成像在科学研究和工程应用中受到了广泛的关注。设计优化具有亚波长尺度特征的超构表面可以对光场进行高效地调制。本文综述了近年来基于超构表面的光谱成像研究进展，与传统光谱仪相比，基于超构表面的紧凑型光谱仪具有体积小和光路较为简单的优点，在小型器件中具有较大的应用潜力。根据不同的成像机理，基于超构表面的光谱成像可以分为超色散型、窄带滤波型和宽带滤波型，本文详细介绍了每种成像机理的研究进展，并随后总结了在实际场景中的应用情况，最后展望了超构表面光谱成像的发展方向和应用前景。
Abstract:As a technology that combines spectral information with spatial information, spectral imaging has been widely concerned in scientific research and engineering applications. The optical field can be modulated efficiently by designing and optimizing the metasurfaces with subwavelength scale features. This article reviews the research progress of spectral imaging based on metasurfaces in recent years. Compared with traditional spectrometers, the compact spectrometers based on metasurfaces have the advantages of smaller volume and simpler optical path, and have greater application potential in small devices. According to different imaging mechanisms, spectral imaging based on metasurfaces can be divided into superdispersion, narrowband filter and broadband filter. The research progress of each imaging mechanism is introduced in detail, and then the application in practical scenarios is summarized. Finally, the development direction and application prospect of spectral imaging of metasurfaces are prospected.
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Key words:
- spectral imaging /
- metasurface /
- filter
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Overview: As the inherent characteristics of substances, spectra can be well used to identify the chemical composition of substances. Spectral imaging is a technology that combines spectral information with spatial information, having a wide range of applications in the fields of material analysis, food safety, medical diagnosis and biological imaging. However, traditional spectrometers are usually composed of prisms, gratings and other splitter devices. Limited by the diffraction effect, their spectral resolution is inversely proportional to the optical path. Therefore, they generally have the disadvantages of large size, high cost and complex optical path, and their application in compact devices is limited. Although there have been Fourier transform spectrometer, micro ring resonator and other research related to reducing spectrometer volume, they still have some problems, such as not being able to deal with very irregular spectral signals, spectral resolution is limited by manufacturing technology, , which cannot solve the problem that the spectrometer is difficult to compact.
The metasurface is a kind of large area nano-structured surface composed of subwavelength small units, characterized by strong plasticity, high flexibility, and easy integration. The optical properties of the metasurface are determined by its micro - nano structure. By designing and optimizing the resonance phase, transmission phase, and geometric phase, metasurfaces can be used to effectively modulate the optical parameters of light on the plane, such as amplitude, phase, and polarization. Due to the excellent electromagnetic properties exhibited by metasurfaces, they can achieve complex functions that are difficult to achieve in conventional refraction and diffraction optics. The spectral imaging technology based on metasurfaces is an emerging optical imaging technology, which can perform high resolution and high sensitivity spectral imaging within micro imaging systems, providing an opportunity for achieving compact spectrometers. In this paper, we firstly discuss the spectral imaging of metasurfaces based on superdispersion, narrowband filtering and broadband filtering. Narrowband filtering includes three filtering methods: transmission type, absorption type and reflection type filtering, while broadband filtering includes two key steps: obtaining randomly distributed spectral curves and using spectral reconstruction algorithm to reconstruct spectrum. Compared with traditional spectrometers, the spectral imaging of metasurfaces based on superdispersion can reduce the volume of optical components to a certain extent, but it is difficult to balance integration and resolution. Narrowband filtering can be used for snapshot spectral cameras, but it has low light utilization and high technological requirements. Broadband filtering has high light utilization and strong spectral resolution, but it relies on spectral reconstruction algorithms, so it requires high algorithm requirements.Then, the recent applications of the spectral imaging based on metasurfaces are introduced, such as biosensing, medical diagnostics, and face recognition. Finally, the development direction and application prospects of the spectral imaging based on metasurfaces are prospected.
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图 2 离轴超构透镜。(a)显示坐标的超构透镜示意图，聚焦线沿x′轴(垂直于聚焦轴)的位移作为波长的函数[28]；(b)由超构透镜和CMOS相机组成的紧凑光谱仪[29]；(c)像差校正超构透镜和贝里相位透镜的实验表征[30]；(d)光谱范围和光谱分辨率与结构参数之间的关系示意图[31]
Figure 2. Off-axis meta-lens. (a) Schematic diagram showing the coordinates of the meta-lens, and the displacement of the focal line along the x′-axis (normal to the focal axis) as a function of wavelength[28]; (b) Compact spectrometer composed of meta-lens and CMOS camera[29]; (c) Experimental characterization of the aberration corrected meta-lens and the Berry phase lens[30]; (d) Schematic diagram of the relationship between spectral range, Spectral resolution and structural parameters[31]
图 3 (a)折叠超构表面示意图[35]；(b) SLIM系统中光谱重建算法的数值模拟结果[36] ；(c)高光谱成像系统的光学架构示意图[37]；(d)色散实验的装置和实验结果的拼接图[38]
Figure 3. (a) Schematic diagram of folded metasurface[35]; (b) Numerical simulation results of spectral reconstruction algorithm in SLIM system[36] ; (c) Schematic of an optical architecture for hyperspectral imaging system[37]; (d) Set up of the dispersion experiment and the splice diagram of experimental results[38]
图 4 基于透射型超构表面的光谱成像。(a)集成滤波阵列组成的紧凑型光谱仪[44]；(b)具有不同纳米柱宽度的一组滤波器模拟透射光谱[46]；(c)超构表面快照光谱成像仪的示意图[47]；(d)多光谱拼接滤波器生成过程示意图[4]；(e)未知源入射功率的目标检测策略框图[48]
Figure 4. Spectral imaging based on transmission-type metasurface. (a) Compact spectrometer composed of integrated filter array[44]; (b) Simulated transmission spectra of a group of filters with different nanopillar widths[46]; (c) Schematic diagram of a hypersurface snapshot spectral imager[47]; (d) Schematic diagram of generating process of the multispectral filter mosaic[4]; (e) Block diagram of target detection strategy for unknown source incident power[48]
图 5 基于吸收型超构表面的光谱成像。(a)多光谱超构材料的三维原理图[61]；(b)混合等离子体-焦电装置示意图[63]；(c)在共振峰处激发的电场分布[63]；(d)多层超构表面吸收器示意图[65]
Figure 5. Spectral imaging based on absorption-type metasurface. (a) 3D schematic of the multispectral metamaterial absorber[61]; (b) Schematic diagram of the hybrid plasmonic− pyroelectric detectors[63]; (c) Electric field distributions excited at resonant peaks[63]; (d) Schematic illustration of the multilayer metasurface absorber[65]
图 7 (a)基于光子晶体(PC)板的微型光谱仪[76]；(b)光子晶体滤波器和新型滤波器的重建光谱对比图[88]；(c)纳米柱的设计和制造图[91]；(d)基于超构表面的多光谱和偏振检测原理图[92]
Figure 7. (a) Micro-spectrometer based on photonic-crystal (PC) slabs[76]; (b) Comparison of reconstructed spectra of photonic crystal filters and novel filters[88]; (c) Design and fabrication diagram of nanocolumn[91]; (d) Schematic drawing of the metasurface-based multispectral and polarimetric detection[92]
图 8 调谐型超构表面。(a)基于GSST的相变超构表面光谱调制器[103]；(b) MIM结构的横切面图[101]；(c) a-GST和c-GST作为介质层时的反射光谱和电场分布[101]；(d)电可调谐滤色器示意图[105]；(e)石墨烯超构表面调制器原理图[106]
Figure 8. Tuned metasurface. (a) Phase-change metasurface spectral modulator based on GSST[103]; (b) Cross-sectional view of the MIM structure[101]; (c) Reflection spectrum and electric field distribution of a-GST and c-GST as dielectric layers[101]; (d) Schematic representation of the electrically tunable color filter[105]; (e) Schematic of graphene metasurface modulator[106]
图 9 光谱重建算法。(a)光谱重建系统示意图[82]；(b)宽带光谱的重建结果[82]; (c)基于CS理论的窄带光谱重建结果[81]; (d)参数约束光谱编码器和解码器的设计框架[83]; (e)基于深度学习的重建结果[113]
Figure 9. Spectral reconstruction algorithm. (a) Schematic diagram of spectral reconstruction system[82]; (b) Reconstruction results of broadband spectra[82]; (c) Narrow band spectral reconstruction results based on CS theory[81]; (d) Design framework for parametric constrained spectral encoders and decoders[83]; (e) Reconstruction results based on deep learning[113]
图 10 (a)分子指纹检索和空间吸收绘图[68]；(b)利用介电超构表面对石墨烯进行光学表征[66]；(c)用于小鼠脑血流动力学成像的超构表面装置图[81]
Figure 10. (a) Molecular fingerprint retrieval and spatial absorption mapping[68]; (b) Optical characterization of graphene using dielectric metasurface[66]; (c) Metasurface device diagram for mouse cerebral hemodynamic imaging[81]
图 11 (a)对真脸和其他面具的光谱测量结果[79]；(b)密码显示的工作原理图[117]；(c)通过可见光波段不透明物体的近红外成像演示[119]
Figure 11. (a) Spectral measurement results of a real face and other masks[79]; (b) Operation schematic of the crypto-display[117]; (c) Demonstration of NIR imaging through the object that is opaque at visible wavelengths[119]
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