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摘要:
全息技术能够记录和重建物光波的全部信息，自问世发展至今已经取得了显著的进步。近年来，矢量全息的出现为这一领域带来新的发展。矢量全息技术不仅继承了传统标量全息技术记录振幅和相位的能力，还额外引入了对偏振维度的调控，因此能够显著提高记录信息的密度，并在多个领域得以广泛应用。本文旨在从偏振调控的角度深入探讨矢量全息技术。首先介绍了标量全息技术和矢量全息技术的概念，并比较了二者的优缺点，重点阐述了矢量全息技术的优势；然后详细地介绍了矢量全息技术的两种偏振态调控方式，包括对入射光和出射光偏振态的调控；同时阐述了矢量全息技术在三维显示和加密领域的应用；最后总结了矢量全息技术目前面临的挑战，并展望了其未来的发展趋势。
Abstract:Holography, which can record and reconstruct all the information of object light waves, has made remarkable progress since its invention. In recent years, the emergence of vectorial holography has brought new developments to this field. Vectorial holography not only inherits the ability to record the amplitude and phase of traditional scalar holography but also introduces the additional control of the polarization dimension, which can significantly improve the density of the recorded information and has been widely used in many fields. This paper discusses vectorial holography in depth from the perspective of polarization modulation. Firstly, the concepts of scalar holography and vectorial holography are introduced, and their advantages and disadvantages are compared. Then, the two polarization modulation methods of vectorial holography are introduced in detail, including the polarization modulation of incident light and output light. Meanwhile, the applications of vectorial holography in the field of 3D display and encryption are described. Finally, the challenges faced by vectorial holography are summarized, and the future development of vectorial holography is expected.
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Key words:
- holography /
- vectorial holography /
- polarization modulation
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Overview: Holography can record and reconstruct the full information of object light waves based on the principle of interference and diffraction. Due to its outstanding ability, holography is widely used in the fields of display, imaging, communication, encryption, etc. However, scalar holography only records the amplitude and phase information and has certain limitations in polarization information. The emergence of vectorial holography provides the possibility of modulating polarization information. Different from scalar holography, vectorial holography technology can record not only amplitude and phase information but also polarization information, which improves the freedom of modulation and the density of the recorded. Hence, vectorial holography holds promising applications in high-definition display, high-quality imaging, high-security encryption and high-speed communication. According to the development history of holography technology, this paper introduces the principles of scalar holography, and vectorial holography and highlights the advantages of vectorial holography in the aspect of polarization modulation. At the same time, the principles and designs of two different polarization control methods of vectorial holography are described, including the polarization control of incident light and output light, which provide important guidance and theoretical support for researchers. For the polarization control of reconstructed light waves, a 2×2 Jones matrix is widely used to express the relationship between the polarization state of the incident light wave and the outgoing light wave. In practice, the parameters of the hologram are deliberately designed to match the unique relationships between the polarization state of the incident light wave and the outgoing light wave for different reconstructed images. In this way, different reconstructed images can be switched by selecting the desired polarization with negligible polarization crosstalk. For the polarization control of output light, the incident light wave is decomposed into a couple of orthogonal polarized light, such as left circular polarization and right circular polarization, x-polarized light and y-polarized light, etc. By intentionally controlling the phase and amplitude of the two orthogonal polarized lights, an arbitrary state of polarization that covers the entire Poincare sphere can be generated. In addition, the advantages of vectorial holography in the field of display and encryption are demonstrated. Compared with scalar holography, vectorial holography has the advantages of being able to improve the quality of holographic images, better flexibility, and applicability, and solves some of the problems that scalar holography is currently facing. Finally, the problems and possible solutions in the development of vectorial holography technology and the future development trend are also discussed.
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图 1 全息技术原理。(a)波前记录；(b)波前重建
Figure 1. Principle of holographic technology. (a) Wavefront recording; (b) Wavefront reconstruction
图 3 标量全息技术与矢量全息技术。(a)标量全息技术；(b)矢量全息技术—对入射光的偏振态进行调控；(c)矢量全息技术—对出射光的偏振态进行调控
Figure 3. Scalar holography and vectorial holography. (a) Scalar holography; (b) Vectorial holography - modulation of the polarization state of the incident light; (c) Vectorial holography - modulation of the polarization state of the output light
图 4 对入射光偏振态调控的矢量全息技术。(a)基于双折射全介质超表面的多通道矢量全息技术[79]；(b)基于非交错的TiO2超表面的全彩矢量全息技术[81]
Figure 4. Vectorial holography for modulation of the polarization state of incident light. (a) Multi-channel vectorial holography based on birefringent fully dielectric hypersurfaces[79]; (b) Full-color vectorial holography based on non-interlaced TiO2 hypersurfaces[81]
图 5 对入射光偏振态调控的矢量全息技术。(a)基于6个自由度琼斯矩阵超表面矢量全息技术[82]；(b)基于动态相位和几何相位介电超表面的矢量全息技术[83]；(c)结合梯度下降算法的双层超表面结构的矢量全息技术[84]
Figure 5. Vectorial holography for polarization state modulation of incident light. (a) Vectorial holography based on a 6-degree-of-freedom Jones matrix hypersurface[82]; (b) Vectorial holography based on a dynamically phased and geometrically phased dielectric hypersurface[83]; (c) Vectorial holography of a bilayer superstructure surface structure combined with a gradient descent algorithm[84]
图 6 对出射光偏振态调控的矢量全息技术。(a)基于双原子等离子体结构单元的矢量全息技术[86]；(b)基于介电超表面偏振发生器的矢量全息技术[87]；(c)基于控制偏振传递函数的矢量全息技术[88]；(d)基于氮化镓纳米柱像素化超表面的矢量全息技术[89]
Figure 6. Vectorial holography for the modulation of the polarization state of an output light. (a) Vectorial holography based on a diatomic plasma structural unit[86]; (b) Vectorial holography based on a dielectric-super surface polarization generator[87]; (c) Vectorial holography based on control of polarization transfer function[88]; (d) Vectorial holography based on a pixelated hypersurface with GaN nanopillars[89]
图 7 对出射光偏振态调控的矢量全息技术。(a)基于正交圆偏振叠加的矢量全息技术[90]；(b)基于反射型等离子体超表面的矢量全息技术[91]；(c)基于矢量傅里叶超表面的矢量全息技术[92]
Figure 7. Vectorial holography for polarization state modulation of output light. (a) Vectorial holography based on orthogonal circular polarization superposition[90]; (b) Vectorial holography based on a reflective plasma hypersurface[91]; (c) Vectorial holography based on a vector Fourier hypersurface[92]
图 9 彩色矢量全息技术。(a)基于新型的自旋波长编码的矢量全息技术[95]；(b)基于改进Gerchberg-Saxton算法的矢量全息技术[96]；(c)基于双原子等离子体单元结构的全彩色复振幅矢量全息技术[44]
Figure 9. Color vectorial holography. (a) Vectorial holography based on novel spin-wavelength encoding hypersurface[95]; (b) Vectorial holography based on the improved Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm[96]; (c) Full-color complex amplitude vectorial holography based on diatomic plasma cell structures[44]
图 10 对出射光偏振态调控的矢量全息技术。(a)基于双功能超表面的彩色矢量全息技术[97]；(b)全偏振通道的的全彩色矢量全息技术[98]; (c)基于正交圆偏振光的矢量全息技术[99]; (d) 基于像素化液晶超结构的矢量全息技术[100]
Figure 10. Vectorial holography for polarization state modulation of output light. (a) Vectorial holography based on a novel spin-wavelength-encoded multi-tasking hypersurface[97]; (b) Full-color vectorial holography with fully polarized channels[98]; (c) Vectorial holography based on orthogonal circularly polarized light[99]; (d) Vectorial holography based on pixelated liquid crystal superstructures[100]
表 1 光学全息技术与计算全息技术对比
Table 1. Comparison between optical holography and computational holography
是否可以记录虚拟物体 全息图类型 环境影响 图像质量是否受限 成本 信息传输 光学全息技术 否 静态 较大 是 高 复杂 计算全息技术 是 静态/动态 较小 是 低 灵活 
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表 2 常见的偏振光的归一化Stokes参量
Table 2. Normalized Stokes coefficients for common polarized light
偏振光 归一化Stokes参量 x方向线偏振光 [1,1,0,0]T y方向线偏振光 [1,-1,0,0]T 45°线偏振光 [1,0,1,0]T −45°线偏振光 [1,0,-1,0]T 左旋圆偏振光 [1,0,0,-1]T 右旋圆偏振光 [1,0,0,1]T
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表 3 常见偏振光的归一化琼斯矢量
Table 3. Normalised Jones vectors for commonly polarised light
偏振光 归一化琼斯矢量 x方向线偏振光 $ \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} 1 \\ 0 \end{array}} \right] $ y方向线偏振光 $ \left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} 0 \\ 1 \end{array}} \right] $ 45°线偏振光 $ \dfrac{1}{{\sqrt 2 }}\left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} 1 \\ 1 \end{array}} \right] $ −45°线偏振光 $ \dfrac{1}{{\sqrt 2 }}\left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} 1 \\ { - 1} \end{array}} \right] $ 左旋圆偏振光 $ \dfrac{1}{{\sqrt 2 }}\left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} 1 \\ {\text{i}} \end{array}} \right] $ 右旋圆偏振光 $ \dfrac{1}{{\sqrt 2 }}\left[ {\begin{array}{*{20}{c}} 1 \\ { - {\text{i}}} \end{array}} \right] $
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