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摘要:
研究了一种基于超材料的光学太阳反射镜(optical solar reflector, OSR)，其由掺铝氧化锌(AZO)超表面、MgF2介质层和Ag金属反射层三层结构组成。在热红外AZO超表面激发表面等离激元共振增强电磁吸收，MgF2介质层介电常数的稳定性减少了吸收振荡带来的反射，在可见光照射下AZO超表面和MgF2介质层的透明特性可降低太阳辐射损耗，Ag金属反射层可有效抑制透射。仿真结果表明，优化后的OSR在0.3~2.5 µm内有17.6%的低太阳吸收率，在2.5~30.0 µm内有86.5%的高红外发射率。此外，偏振和入射角度对其性能影响较小。该结构在红外波段实现了较好的吸收，在红外热成像、辐射制冷等领域也具有潜在应用价值。
Abstract:A metamaterial-based optical solar reflector (OSR) consisting of a three-layer structure of aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO) metasurface, a MgF2 dielectric layer and an Ag metal reflector layer is investigated. In the thermal infrared, the AZO metasurface excites the surface equipartition excitation resonance to enhance the electromagnetic absorption, the stability of the MgF2 dielectric constant reduces the reflection caused by the absorption oscillations. In the visible light, the transparent properties of AZO and MgF2 provide the low loss for the solar radiation, and the Ag reflector layer effectively suppresses the transmission. Simulation results show that the optimized OSR has a low solar absorptivity of 17.6% in 0.3~2.5 µm and a high IR emissivity of 86.5% in 2.5~30 µm. In addition, polarization and angle of incidence have a small effect on its performance. The structure achieves good absorption in the infrared band and also has potential applications in infrared thermography, radiative cooling, and other fields.
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Overview: Optical solar reflector (OSR), also known as a secondary surface mirror, has low absorption and high reflection of the solar spectrum in the 0.3~2.5 µm band, and strong absorption (emission) of the infrared spectrum in the 2.5~30 µm band. OSR is used on the outer surface of spacecraft radiator panels to reflect the solar spectrum radiation and radiate the heat from the radiator panels in the form of infrared, which plays a vital role in the thermal control of spacecraft.
The traditional OSR consists of quartz and metal reflective layers. Quartz has excellent optical and thermal properties; however, quartz is easy to break during processing, and the specific gravity increases the satellite launch cost. At present, our satellite thermal control coatings are mainly various paint-type white lacquers, which can meet the spaceflight requirements. However, the white paint has a large gap rate and is easily contaminated, leading to performance degradation. With the expanding depth and breadth of deep space exploration, the thermal control materials need to be adapted to the new space environment. It is difficult to find a natural material that combines both low absorption in the solar spectrum and high emission in the infrared, thus requiring the use of metasurfaces with artificially designed structures.
Currently, most of the research focuses on enhancing the IR emissivity or reducing the solar absorptivity alone, since both properties of a material are often jointly affected by its physical and spectral properties. When one parameter is increased, the other is also increased, which is detrimental to the OSR. In this paper, an OSR constructed from an AZO (aluminum-doped zinc oxide) metasurface, MgF2 dielectric layer, and Ag metal reflective layer is designed by considering both properties simultaneously. The transparent properties of AZO and MgF2 reduce the visible absorption and enable lower solar absorptivity. Most of the materials show strong perturbations in spectral absorption in the mid-infrared (MI) band, due to the complex dielectric constants. The trough position brings additional reflections, leading to a decrease in IR emissivity. At the same time, the stability of the dielectric constant of MgF2 in the IR band does not affect its interference conditions as a λ/4 spacer, and the absorption bandwidth and stability ensure a high IR emissivity. The optimized OSR achieves a low solar absorptivity of 17.6% in the UV to NIR and an IR emissivity of 86.5% in the thermal IR band.
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图 1 太阳反射镜结构图。 (a)阵列图；(b)单个单元俯视图；(c)单个单元侧视图
Figure 1. Structure of the optical solar reflector. (a) Array graph; (b) Top view of individual unit; (c) Side view of individual unit
图 2 AZO超表面OSR的光谱吸收和300 K、5777 K时黑体辐射密度分布
Figure 2. Spectral absorption of OSR on the AZO metasurface and blackbody radiation density distributions at 300 K and 5777 K
图 3 AZO超表面周期p分别为1.1 µm、1.3 µm和1.5 µm时OSR的光谱吸收曲线
Figure 3. Spectral absorption curves of OSR for the AZO metasurface period p of 1.1 µm, 1.3 µm, and 1.5 µm, respectively
图 4 AZO超表面在不同特征尺寸时OSR的电场分布
Figure 4. Electric field distributions of OSR at different feature scales for AZO metasurfaces
图 5 尺寸l分别为1.1 µm、1.2 µm、1.25 µm、1.3 µm时结构的吸收光谱
Figure 5. Absorption spectra of the structure at dimensions of l = 1.1 µm, 1.2 µm, 1.25 µm, and 1.3 µm, respectively
图 6 介质层厚度分别为1.2 µm、1.4 µm、1.6 µm、1.8 µm的吸收光谱
Figure 6. Absorption spectra of dielectric-layer thicknesses of 1.2 µm, 1.4 µm, 1.6 µm, and 1.8 µm, respectively
图 7 正入射时TE偏振和TM偏振对应的吸收光谱
Figure 7. Absorption spectra corresponding to TE polarization and TM polarization at normal incidence
图 8 TE偏振时不同入射角的吸收光谱
Figure 8. Absorption spectra at different angles of incidence for TE polarization
图 9 TM偏振时不同入射角的吸收光谱
Figure 9. Absorption spectra at different angles of incidence for TM polarization
表 1 超表面在不同尺寸下的吸收率α、发射率ε和吸收发射比α/ε
Table 1. Absorption rate α, emission rate ε, and absorption-to-emission α/ε of the metasurface for different size cases
l/µm α ε α/ε 1.10 0.177 0.772 0.229 1.20 0.187 0.847 0.221 1.25 0.191 0.844 0.227 1.30 0.182 0.695 0.262 
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表 2 不同介质层厚度对应的吸收发射比α/ε
Table 2. Absorption-to-emission ratios for different dielectric-layer thicknesses
h2/µm 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 α 0.171 0.186 0.176 0.196 ε 0.803 0.854 0.865 0.841 α/ε 0.213 0.218 0.204 0.233
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表 3 TE偏振时不同入射角的吸收率α和发射率ε
Table 3. Absorption rate α and emission rate ε for different angles of incidence at TE polarization
Angle/° α ε 0 0.176 0.865 15 0.191 0.861 30 0.203 0.839 45 0.204 0.775 60 0.210 0.624 75 0.096 0.367
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表 4 TM偏振时不同入射角的吸收率α和发射率ε
Table 4. Absorption rate α and emission rate ε for different angles of incidence at TM polarization
Angle/° α ε 0 0.174 0.865 15 0.183 0.858 30 0.191 0.830 45 0.198 0.761 60 0.213 0.625 75 0.107 0.398
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