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Laser temperature sensor based on polarization maintaining fiber and few mode fiber
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摘要:
本文提出了一种基于保偏光纤与少模光纤的激光温度传感器，并对其进行了实验研究。将20 cm的保偏光纤与10 cm的少模光纤熔接在一起，之后与3 dB耦合器组成Sagnac环，作为传感探头。光经过少模光纤激发出高阶模，由于少模光纤与保偏光纤直径不匹配，高阶模与纤芯模耦合到保偏光纤的应力区，激发出包层模，从而提高温度灵敏度。实验结果表明，加入少模光纤后，传感器的温度灵敏度从−0.51 nm/℃提高到−0.91 nm/℃。该传感器具有精度高、制造方便、本质安全等优点，在工程结构安全监测中具有广阔的应用前景。
Abstract:This paper proposes a laser temperature sensor based on polarization maintaining fiber (PMF) and few-mode fiber (FMF), and conducted their experimental studies. A 20 cm polarization maintaining fiber was spliced with a 10 cm few-mode fiber and then combined with a 3 dB coupler to form a Sagnac loop, which served as the sensing probe. Light passing through the FMF excites higher-order modes. Due to the diameter mismatch between the FMF and PMF, the higher-order modes are coupled into the stress region of the PMF, exciting the cladding modes and thus improving temperature sensitivity. Experimental results show that after adding the FMF, the temperature sensitivity of the sensor increased from −0.51 nm/℃ to −0.91 nm/℃. This sensor has the advantages of high precision, easy fabrication, and intrinsic safety, making it highly promising for engineering structure safety monitoring applications.
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Overview: As we all know, temperature has always been an important parameter in physics, and various tools have been used to measure temperature. In recent decades, fiber optic interferometers have been widely used in temperature measurement. Traditional fiber optic interferometers include the Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI), Fabry-Perot interferometer (FPI), Michelson interferometer (MI), and fiber optic Sagnac interferometer (FSI). Meanwhile, fiber optic ring lasers have advantages such as high sensitivity, good stability, low insertion loss, and high signal-to-noise ratio, leading to the combination of fiber optic interferometers with fiber optic ring lasers. Among these, the FSI has advantages of low noise, reciprocal dual optical paths, and higher temperature sensitivity compared to MZI and FPI, thus being widely used in temperature measurement.
This paper proposes a laser temperature sensor based on polarization-maintaining fiber (PMF) and few-mode fiber (FMF) and conducts experimental research on its sensing characteristics. A 20 cm PMF is spliced with a 10 cm FMF, then combined with a 3 dB coupler to form an FMF-PMF Sagnac ring as a temperature sensor. Light passing through the FMF excites higher-order modes, and due to the diameter mismatch between the FMF and PMF, the higher-order modes and core modes couple into the stress region of the PMF, exciting cladding modes and thereby enhancing temperature sensitivity. In the temperature sensitivity measurement experiment of the FMF-PMF Sagnac ring, the temperature range from 40 ℃ to 46 ℃ with a step size of 1 ℃, maintaining each temperature for about 10 minutes, after which the output spectrum is recorded by a spectrum analyzer. Experimental results show that as the temperature increases, the single peak wavelength shifts to shorter wavelengths (blue shift), caused by the reduction in the birefringence difference between the PMF core mode and cladding mode and the effective refractive index difference between the FMF fundamental mode and higher-order mode, with a temperature sensitivity of −0.91 nm/℃ and a fitting curve fit degree of 0.996. As the temperature decreases, the single peak wavelength shifts to longer wavelengths (red shift), caused by the increase in the birefringence difference between the PMF core mode and cladding mode. At the same time, the effective refractive indexes are different between the FMF fundamental mode and higher-order mode, with a temperature sensitivity of −0.89 nm/℃ and a fitting value of 0.996. The temperature sensitivity of the PMF-Sagnac ring fiber laser temperature sensor is −0.57 nm/℃. Thus, it can be seen that with the addition of FMF, the temperature sensitivity of the FMF-PMF Sagnac ring fiber laser temperature sensor is increased by 1.6 times.
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图 1 基于FMF-PMF的Sagnac环传感器。(a)结构示意图；(b)实物图
Figure 1. Sagnac ring sensor based on the FMF-PMF. (a) Schematic diagram of the structure; (b) A physical image of the sensor
图 2 当PMF的长度为20 cm时，不同长度FMF的输出光谱。(a) 0 cm; (b) 5 cm; (c) 10 cm; (d) 15 cm
Figure 2. When PMF length is 20 cm, the output spectra for different lengths of FMF. (a) 0 cm; (b) 5 cm; (c) 10 cm; (d) 15 cm
图 3 基于FMF-PMF的Sagnac环光纤激光温度传感器装置示意图
Figure 3. Schematic diagram of the FMF-PMF based on Sagnac ring fiber laser temperature sensor device
图 4 激光输出功率随泵浦功率变化的关系曲线
Figure 4. The relationship curve between laser output power and pump power
图 5 基于FMF-PMF的Sagnac环光纤激光温度传感器的输出光谱
Figure 5. Output spectrum of Sagnac fiber optic laser temperature sensor based on the FMF-PMF
图 6 在175 mW泵浦功率下每隔2 min记录的激光输出谱
Figure 6. Laser output spectra intensities recorded at 2 min intervals under 175 mW pump power
图 7 不同时间下输出峰的中心波长和峰值强度
Figure 7. Center wavelengths and peak intensity of output peaks at different times
图 8 不同温度下基于FMF-PMF的Sagnac环光纤激光温度传感器的输出光谱。(a)升温；(b)降温
Figure 8. Output spectra of FMF-PMF based Sagnac ring fiber laser temperature sensors at different temperatures. (a) Heat up; (b) Cool down
图 9 基于FMF-PMF的Sagnac环的温度与波长的关系曲线
Figure 9. Relationship curve between temperature and wavelength of FMF-PMF based Sagnac rings
图 10 不同温度下基于PMF的Sagnac环光纤激光温度传感器的输出光谱。(a)升温；(b)降温
Figure 10. Output spectra of PMF-based Sagnac ring fiber laser temperature sensors at different temperatures. (a) Heat up; (b) Cool down
图 11 基于PMF的Sagnac环的温度与波长的关系曲线
Figure 11. Relationship curve between temperatures and wavelengths of PMF based Sagnac rings
表 1 与先前报道文献的传感器性能对比分析
Table 1. Performance analysis of the proposed probe with that reported in literature
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