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Manipulations and applications of radiating waves using electromagnetic metasurfaces
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摘要:
电磁超材料由亚波长尺寸的人工单元结构周期或非周期排列组成，可以实现天然材料不具备的奇特性质。超表面作为二维特殊形式超材料，具有剖面低、易集成、低成本等优点。随着有源器件、传感元件与智能算法的引入，超表面进一步实现了对电磁波的实时可编程与智能调控。目前多数电磁超表面研究致力于反射波或透射波调控，事实上，电磁超表面对辐射波同样具有强大的调控能力。本文系统介绍电磁超表面调控辐射波幅度、相位、极化等维度的相关研究进展，以超表面与馈源的集成方式和超表面对辐射波的调控原理为分类依据，重点介绍折叠阵超表面、法布里-珀罗超表面、漏波超表面和辐射式超表面，对应空间馈电、表面波馈电、缝隙耦合馈电、同轴馈电等方式，从无源与有源两个角度介绍这四类超表面对辐射波的调控机理与应用，最后对电磁超表面调控辐射波的未来研究方向进行展望。
Abstract:Electromagnetic metamaterials are composed of sub-wavelength artificial unit cells with periodic and aperiodic arrangements, which can achieve peculiar properties that natural materials do not have. As the two-dimensional metamaterials, metasurfaces have the advantages of low profile, easy integration and low cost. With the introduction of active elements, sensing elements and intelligent algorithms, metasurfaces further realize real-time programmable and intelligent control of electromagnetic waves. At present, most electromagnetic metasurfaces researches are devoted to the manipulation of reflecting waves and transmitting waves. In fact, electromagnetic metasurfaces also have the strong regulation ability for radiating waves. This paper will introduce the research progress of metasurfaces in regulating the amplitude, phase, polarization of radiating waves systematically. Based on the integration of metasurfaces and feeds and the regulation principle of metasurfaces on radiating electromagnetic waves, this paper focuses on folded array metasurfaces, Fabry-Perot metasurfaces, leaky wave metasurfaces and radiation-type metasurfaces, corresponding to space wave feeding, surface wave feeding, gap coupling feeding, coaxial feeding. The regulation mechanism and applications of these four types of metasurfaces on radiating waves are introduced from the perspectives of passive and active. Finally, the future research directions of electromagnetic metasurfaces in regulating radiating waves are prospected.
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Overview: Metamaterials are composed of basic electromagnetic unit cells with sub-wavelength size. Different from natural materials, the properties of metamaterials depend mainly on the structure and arrangement of electromagnetic unit cells. This characteristic can be used to flexibly design metamaterials with unique properties such as negative permittivity, negative permeability, and negative refractive index. As the two-dimensional form of metamaterials, metasurfaces utilize the abrupt phase/amplitude generated by the sudden change of electromagnetic waves on the interface of metasurface to achieve the free control of the incident electromagnetic waves, thus having the advantages of easy design, low profile, and low loss. In recent years, the manipulation of electromagnetic waves by metasurfaces has been widely studied and applied by researchers, such as holographic imaging, radar cross section reduction, polarization conversion, absorption, etc. In practical application scenarios, such as wireless communication, broadband absorption, electromagnetic stealth, etc., metasurfaces are often required to have the ability to dynamically adjust electromagnetic waves, and achieve various functions according to specific working frequency, powers, and polarizations of incident waves. Based on such requirements, researchers have achieved dynamic regulation of metasurfaces by loading active elements on metasurfaces. Active metasurfaces can control the state of active elements through the feeding layer to achieve different phase coverage and amplitude regulation, so that metasurfaces can achieve dynamic switching between multiple functions, improve the ability to modulate electromagnetic waves, and promote the in-depth application and development of the metasurfaces in various fields. In the above work, metasurfaces mainly achieve various electromagnetic functions by regulating reflecting and transmitting waves, metasurface itself is only used as a secondary feed, and additional primary feed is needed, which not only produces overflow loss and edge attenuation, but also leads to increase in the overall profile of the system and decrease in the integration. In fact, electromagnetic metasurfaces also have the strong regulation ability for radiating waves. The feed-integrated metasurfaces solve the above problems due to its ingenious design ideas. Based on the integration of metasurfaces and feeds and the regulation principle of metasurfaces on radiating electromagnetic waves, this paper systematically introduces various types of metasurfaces and their related applications for the direct control of radiating waves from passive to active aspects, such as folded reflectarray/transmitarray metasurfaces, Fabry-Perot metasurfaces, leaky wave metasurfaces and radiation-type metasurfaces, corresponding to air feeding, surface wave feeding, gap coupling feeding, coaxial feeding. The related works of these types of feed-integrated metasurfaces are systematically introduced. Finally, the related researches in this field are summarized and prospected.
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图 3 有源折叠阵超表面。(a)用于波束扫描[48]；(b)实测辐射方向图；(c)用于产生OAM波束[49]；(d) 2阶OAM波束近场幅度和相位分布图；(e)用于波束偏折[50]；(f)仿真和实测归一化辐射方向图
Figure 3. Active folded metasurface. (a) Programmable folded metasurface for beam scanning[48]; (b) Measured radiation pattern; (c) Active folded metasurface for OAM beam generation[49]; (d) Near-field amplitude and phase distribution for l=+2; (e) Active folded metasurface for beam steering[50]; (f) Simulated and measured normalized radiation patterns
图 4 无源F-P超表面。(a)低散射F-P编码超表面[51]；(b) RCS缩减F-P超表面[52]；(c) F-P超表面实现二维全息成像[53]；(d) F-P超表面实现双圆极化辐射[54]
Figure 4. Passive F-P metasurface. (a) Low-scattering F-P coding metasurface[51]; (b) F-P metasurface for RCS reduction[52]; (c) F-P metasurface for 2D holographic imaging[53]; (d) F-P metasurface for dual circularly polarized radiation[54]
图 5 有源F-P超表面。(a)频率可重构F-P超表面[55]；(b)双频段可重构F-P超表面[56]；(c)带内RCS缩减F-P超表面[57]；(d)散射方向图可重构F-P超表面[58]
Figure 5. Active F-P metasurface. (a) Frequency reconfigurable F-P metasurface[55]; (b) Dual-band reconfigurable F-P metasurface[56]; (c) F-P metasurface for in-band RCS reduction[57]; (d) Reconfigurable scattering patterns F-P metasurface[58]
图 6 无源漏波超表面。(a)大角度均匀漏波超表面[59]；(b)多层均匀漏波超表面[60]；(c)双功能全息超表面[66]；(d)复用张量全息超表面[67]
Figure 6. Passive leaky-wave metasurface. (a) Wide-angle uniform leaky-wave metasurface[59]; (b) Multilayer uniform leaky-wave metasurface[60]; (c) Dual-functional holographic metasurface[66]; (d) Multiplexing tensor holographic metasurface[67]
图 7 有源漏波型超表面。(a)无边带辐射漏波型超表面[68]；(b)基频波束扫描；(c)多谐波独立调控；(d)动态近场聚焦全息超表面[69]；(e)动态波束全息超表面[70]
Figure 7. Active leaky-wave metasurface. (a) Sideband-free leaky-wave metasurface[68]; (b) Fundamental-frequency beam scanning; (c) Multi-harmonic independent control; (d) Dynamic near-field focusing holographic metasurface[69]; (e) Dynamic beam holographic metasurface[70]
图 8 无源辐射式超表面。(a)集成馈源式编码超表面[75]；(b)相位和极化调制辐射式超表面[76]；(c)幅度、相位和极化调制辐射式超表面[77]；(d)复振幅调制辐射式超表面[79]
Figure 8. Passive radiation-type metasurface. (a) Integrated coding-metasurface[75]; (b) Phase- and polarization-modulated radiation-type metasurface[76]; (c) Amplitude-, phase- and polarization-modulated radiation-type metasurface[77]; (d) Complex-amplitude modulated radiation-type metasurface[79]
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