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Applications and progress of all-metal metasurfaces in phase manipulation of electromagnetic waves
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摘要:
全金属超表面是由亚波长金属单元所组成的结构阵列，其在调控电磁波相位方面展现出了效率高、带宽大等特点，并且相较于金属-介质混合型超表面，全金属超表面具有优良的热学和机械性能，如耐高温、强度大、延展性好等，这使得其可以应用于高温高压等极端复杂环境中。本文对近年来全金属超表面取得的研究进展进行了简要的归纳总结，主要介绍了其在构建高效、多功能平面光学器件以及多频谱电磁隐身中的应用，并对其未来的发展方向进行了展望。
Abstract:All-metal metasurfaces are structural arrays composed of sub-wavelength metal units, which exhibit high efficiency and large bandwidth in phase manipulation of electromagnetic waves. Compared with metal-dielectric hybrid metasurfaces, all-metal metasurfaces have excellent thermal and mechanical properties, such as high-temperature resistance, high strength, and good ductility, which enable them to be applied in extremely complex environments such as high temperature and high pressure. In this paper, we briefly summarize the recent research progress based on all-metal metasurfaces. We mainly introduce their applications in the construction of highly efficient and multi-functional planar optical devices as well as multi-spectrum electromagnetic stealth, and provide an outlook of the future direction of its development.
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Key words:
- all-metal metasurface /
- geometric phase /
- electromagnetic stealth /
- high efficiency
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Overview: Classical optical devices use changes in the refractive index of material or surface shape to accumulate the optical path difference like lenses and prisms, thus converging, diverging, and deflecting the light beam. To overcome these limitations of the large size and heavy weight of classical optical devices, researchers have proposed a new structure known as metasurfaces, an array of artificial designs at subwavelength scales. Metasurfaces can change the amplitude and phase of electromagnetic waves at interfaces, which provides a means to realize novel optical phenomena and the planarization and lightweight of optical devices. As a result, a series of metasurface-based flat devices have been demonstrated in the past few decades, including beam deflectors, holographic displays, vortex beam generators, etc. However, the efficiency of the initially designed functional devices based on metasurfaces is too low and is greatly limited in practical applications. To improve efficiency, low-loss dielectric materials with high refractive indexes are used to design metasurfaces, and the working efficiency is significantly improved. Additionally, metal–insulator–metal hybrid reflective metasurfaces can remarkably enhance efficiency. A new reflective metasurface composed of all-metal structures has been proposed recently. All-metal metasurfaces exhibit higher energy efficiency and larger operating bandwidth in phase modulation than metal-insulator-metal structures. Besides, since metallic materials generally have excellent thermal and mechanical properties, such as high-temperature resistance, high strength, and good flexibility, all-metal metasurfaces have the potential for applications in highly complex environments such as high temperatures and high pressures. All-metal metasurfaces have been applied in various fields of holographic display, beam deflection, electromagnetic invisibility, etc. In this paper, we focus on the applications of all-metal metasurfaces in planar optical devices and electromagnetic stealth and provide an outlook on its future development direction.
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图 1 常见的几何相位型单元结构及全金属超表面。第一、二象限展示了金属纳米砖和金属光栅单元结构以及基于其设计的电磁隐身器件[36, 46]、全息显示器件[37]、涡旋光束发生器[47]；第三象限展示了悬链线型金属单元结构以及基于其设计的圆偏振光分束器[48]、光聚焦器件[49]；第四象限展示了具有多重旋转对称性的单元结构以及基于广义几何相位设计的波前调控器件[50]、旋转多普勒频移探测器件[51]
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the typical geometric phase-type building blocks and all-metal metasurfaces. The first and second quadrants show the metallic nanobrick and grating unit structures and the designed electromagnetic stealth devices[36, 46], holographic display device[37], and vortex beam generator[47]; the third quadrant shows a catenary metal unit structure and the designed circularly polarized beam splitter[48], optical wave focusing device[49]; the fourth quadrant shows the unit structure with multi-fold rotational symmetry and the designed wavefront modulation device[50] and rotational Doppler effect detector[51]
图 2 不同金属单元结构的仿真结果。(a)金属光栅的仿真结果[36]；(b)金属纳米砖的仿真结果及其与MIM结构的对比[37]；(c) S型单元结构的仿真结果[47]；(d)不同C3结构的仿真对比[50]
Figure 2. Simulation results of different metal unit structures. (a) Simulation results of metal gratings[36]; (b) Simulation results of metal nanobricks and comparison with MIM-type structure [37]; (c) Simulation results of S-type unit structure [47]; (d) Simulation comparison of different C3 structures [50]
图 4 基于全金属超表面的多功能器件。(a, b)利用复振幅调控同时实现近场灰度显示和三维全息成像[70]；(c, d)利用全金属超表面实现的结构色全息器件[71]
Figure 4. Multifunctional devices based on all-metal metasurfaces. (a, b) Simultaneous near-field grayscale display and three-dimensional holographic imaging enabled by complex amplitude modulation[70]; (c, d) Simultaneous full-color printing and holography enabled by all-metal metasurface[71]
图 5 基于开口谐振环结构的全金属超表面。(a)太赫兹全金属超表面示意图[73]；(b-d)太赫兹超表面的仿真结果，包括异常反射、聚焦、涡旋光束产生[74]；(e)同时操纵电磁波和声波的全金属超表面[75]；(f-h)针对电磁波和声波的多波束产生、漫反射以及波束偏转计算结果[75]
Figure 5. All-metal metasurfaces based on split-ring resonators. (a) Schematic diagram of the terahertz metasurface[73]; (b-d) Simulation results of the terahertz metasurface, including anomalous reflection, focusing, vortex beam generation[74]; (e) All-metal metasurface for simultaneous manipulation of electromagnetic waves and acoustic waves[75]; (f-h) Calculations results of multiple-beam generation, scattering diffusion, and beam steering for both electromagnetic waves and acoustic waves[75]
图 6 基于全金属超表面的激光-红外和微波-红外隐身技术。(a)激光-红外兼容隐身材料的测试结果[36]；(b)厚金属光栅的等效电路模型及微波-红外兼容隐身材料的高温RCS和红外辐射测试结果[46]
Figure 6. Laser-infrared and microwave-infrared stealth technology based on all-metal metasurface. (a) Measurement results of the laser-infrared compatible stealth materials[36]; (b) Equivalent circuit model of the thick metal grating and measured high-temperature RCS and infrared radiation of the microwave-infrared compatible stealth materials[46]
图 7 基于全金属超表面建立的多频谱兼容隐身超材料。(a) 激光-红外-微波隐身兼容的分层超材料示意图及仿真结果[83]; (b)大面积跨尺度分层超材料示意图及实验测试结果[84]; (c)多波长激光-红外兼容的柔性金属超表面示意图及实验测试结果[85]
Figure 7. Multispectral compatible stealth metamaterials based on all-metal metasurfaces. (a) Schematic diagram and simulation results of the hierarchical metamaterial for laser-infrared-microwave compatible stealth[83]; (b) Schematic diagram of the large-area and multiscale hierarchical metamaterials and experimental test results 84]; (c) Schematic diagram and experiment results of the flexible metallic metasurface for multi-wavelength lasers and infrared compatible stealth[85]
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