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Progress on reconfigurable terahertz metasurface devices based on sulfide phase change materials
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摘要:
超表面在控制电磁波的强度、相位、偏振和复杂波前等方面发挥了重要的作用，通过与各种主动调控手段结合可实现动态可调谐器件。本文分析总结了近期基于Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST)的太赫兹超表面器件的研究进展，介绍了GST在太赫兹波段的光谱特性和可逆相变条件，重点回顾了GST与超表面设计相结合用于实现对太赫兹波的振幅、偏振以及波前的非易失、可重构、和多级操纵的前沿研究工作，并讨论展望了未来的发展前景和需要解决的问题。
Abstract:Metasurfaces play an important role in controlling the amplitude, phase, polarization, and complex wavefront of electromagnetic waves. Dynamic tunable devices can be realized by combining various active modulation means. However, most of the existing reconfigurable devices have volatile properties that require a constant stimulus to maintain. The chalcogenide phase-change material Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST) has the characteristics of non-volatility, reconfigurability, and large optical contrast, which can be used to achieve tunable metasurface devices. In this review, we review the recent research progress of GST-based terahertz (THz) metasurface devices and introduce the spectral characteristics and reversible phase transition conditions of GST in the THz band. Furthermore, we systematically summarizes the relevant works on non-volatile, reconfigurable, and multi-level manipulation of THz amplitude, polarization, and wavefront by combining GST with metasurfaces. Finally, the future development prospects and challenges are discussed. The non-volatile nature of GST provides a new path to achieve non-volatile reconfigurable THz devices with low energy consumption, while its ultra-fast volatility can be used for next-generation high-speed communication.
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Key words:
- phase change material /
- metasurface /
- terahertz /
- reconfigurable
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Overview: We review the process on reconfigurable terahertz metasurface devices based on sulfide phase-change materials. Currently, most existing reconfigurable metasurfaces are limited by their volatile properties and single functionality, which hinder their applications in advanced photonics. The chalcogenide phase-change material Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST) exhibits non-volatility, reconfigurability, and large optical contrast, which can be used to realize tunable metasurface devices.
Firstly, the reversible phase transition of GST was realized in the terahertz band, its terahertz spectral characteristics were tested, and a multi-level memory device was realized.
One-dimensional or multi-dimensional dynamic modulation of the amplitude, phase, and polarization of terahertz waves can be achieved by combining GST with metasurfaces. Multilevel modulation of Fano resonances can be achieved by combining GST with asymmetric split-ring resonators and inducing phase transitions of GST. Using electrical excitation, a spatial light modulator with 2×2 pixels can be realized. The use of metasurfaces to achieve electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) has attracted widespread attention, and placing GST at the openings can achieve multi-level modulation of the transmission amplitude. Extraordinary optical transmission (EOT) on metasurfaces is an important research area for controlling the amplitude of terahertz waves. The subwavelength gold hole array plays an important role in the coupling of surface plasmons on the gold surface, and the resonant coupling of EOT can be controlled by placing the GST under the gold hole. In the amorphous state, the conductivity is low, which has little effect on EOT. In the crystalline state, the conductivity is high, which reduces the transmission. By incorporating GST, tunable plasmonic dimers are proposed. The structure consists of two trapezoidal metal rings connected by GST islands. Near-field coupling occurs between the two metal rings, and the active modulation of the resonant mode can be achieved by changing the conductivity of the GST islands.
The use of metasurfaces to realize the modulation of the polarization of terahertz waves has important application fields. Chiral switching can be achieved by combining GST with a bilayer structure. Realizing the polarization conversion of linear polarization is of great significance for the realization of applications such as terahertz polarizers. Combining the phase-change characteristics of GST can further realize the switching of dual functions. Combined with flexible substrates, flexible polarization conversion devices can also be realized.
The modulation of terahertz wavefront by metasurface structures is of great significance for the realization of terahertz wave anomalous deflectors, focusing lenses, and vortex devices. The phase modulation of the terahertz wave can be realized by using the metal structure, and the wavefront modulation of the terahertz wave can be realized by combining the phase-change characteristics of GST, including two-dimensional modulation of intensity and phase.
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图 4 非易失可重构的太赫兹波偏振调制器件。(a-d)手性调制器件[59]；(e-h)偏振转换双功能器件[58]；(i-k)柔性线偏振转换器件[61]
Figure 4. Nonvolatile reconfigurable terahertz wave polarization modulation devices. (a-d) Chiral modulation devices[59]; (e-h) Polarization conversion bifunctional devices[58]; (i-k) Flexible linear polarization conversion devices[61]
图 5 非易失可重构的太赫兹波前调制器件。(a-d)太赫兹波多级开关调制器件[60]；(e-h)太赫兹波功能切换器件[63]；(i-l)太赫兹波无光刻调制器件[62]
Figure 5. Nonvolatile reconfigurable terahertz wavefront modulation devices. (a-d) Terahertz wave multi-level switching modulation devices[60]; (e-h) Terahertz wave function switching devices[63]; (i-l) Terahertz wave non-lithographic modulation devices[62]
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