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Low-loss fusion splice of hollow-core anti-resonant fiber and single mode fiber based on GIMF
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摘要:
本文提出了一种引入渐变折射率多模光纤作为过渡光纤的嵌套空芯反谐振光纤与单模光纤的低损耗熔接方法。使用渐变折射率多模光纤作为模场适配光纤，利用其自成像效应扩大单模光纤中的模场，实现了嵌套空芯反谐振光纤与单模光纤的模场匹配。实验中探究了熔接时放电时间和放电功率对熔接损耗的影响。基于优化后的熔接方案，有效保护了嵌套空芯反谐振光纤熔接端面微结构的完整性，平均熔接损耗低至0.60 dB。实验结果对提高嵌套空芯反谐振光纤与现有光纤体系的兼容性提供了参考。
Abstract:This paper presents a low-loss fusion splice method between the nested hollow-core anti-resonant fiber (HC-ARF) and single-mode fiber (SMF) by introducing a graded-index multi-mode fiber (GIMF) as a transition fiber. The mode field matching between the nested HC-ARF and the SMF is achieved by using the GIMF as the mode field adapting fiber and expanding the mode field in the SMF by using its self-imaging effect. The effects of discharge time and discharge power on fusion splice loss during fusion splicing are explored in the experiments. Based on an optimized fusion splicing scheme, the integrity of the microstructure of the nested HC-ARF fusion splicing end face is effectively protected, and the average fusion splicing loss is as low as 0.60 dB. The experimental results provide a reference to improve the compatibility of the nested hollow-core anti-resonant fibers with the existing fiber system.
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Overview: Hollow core anti-resonant fiber (HC-ARF) is a type of fiber with a novel optical guiding mechanism. Compared with traditional single-mode fiber (SMF), HC-ARF has the advantages of lower dispersion, nonlinearities, Rayleigh scattering, higher propagation speed, and damage threshold. It has great potential applications in fiber sensing, high-power transmission, gas laser, mid-infrared laser, and other fields. In recent years, the interconnection methods between SMF and HCF mainly include fiber array connection based on adhesive bonding, connector connection, and fiber array fusion splicing. However, these methods all have certain limitations, such as complex operations and insufficient stability. To address these issues, we introduced a precisely controlled length graded-index multi-mode fiber (GIMF) as a transition fiber in the fusion splicing of HC-ARF and SMF, achieving mode field matching between HC-ARF and SMF.
The main sources of fusion losses between HC-ARF and SMF include microstructure collapse of the fusion end face of HC-ARF, mode field mismatch between the two fibers, geometric offset during fiber alignment, and flatness of the fiber end face. The mode field mismatch loss between HC-ARF and SMF is due to their different mode field diameters. For the fusion splicing of HC-ARF and SMF, a transition fiber needs to be added to achieve mode field matching between the two fibers.
The HC-ARF used for fusion splicing is an anti-resonant structure with five nested tubes. The loss of direct fusion splicing between SMF and HC-ARF (with the intact microstructure of HC-ARF) can even exceed 3 dB. Use a regular fiber fusion splicer to fuse SMF and GIMF in multimode fiber fusion mode, and then precisely control the length of 260 μm cutting. The effects of discharge time and discharge power on fusion splicing loss during fusion splicing were also investigated in the experiment. The fusion splicing strength should be maximized while ensuring the integrity of the microstructure of the nested HC-ARF end faces during fusion splicing. A C+L band amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) light source with a wavelength of 1520-1620 nm is used to measure losses. The measured overall loss is 1.19 dB. The results of multiple fusion splicing experiments indicate that the length of GIMF fiber has a significant impact on the loss. The optimal length of GIMF fiber should be around 260-270 μm. If the cutting error of GIMF is further optimized, low-loss fusion splicing results can be obtained more stably. This work provides useful guidance for improving the compatibility between HC-ARF and existing fiber optic systems, and can serve as the technical foundation for the development and application of HC-ARF.
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图 1 GIMF的模场匹配。(a) GIMF的自成像效应；(b)通过GIMF放大模场后与HC-ARF的模场失配损耗
Figure 1. GIMF's mode field matching. (a) Self-imaging effect of GIMF; (b) Mode field mismatch loss between the GIMF amplified mode field and HC-ARF
图 2 嵌套HC-ARF与光纤阵列熔接。(a)嵌套HC-ARF端面结构图；(b)熔接与定长切割后的SMF-GIMF；(c) SMF-GIMF-(HC-ARF)-GIMF-SMF构型以及熔接点损耗示意图
Figure 2. Nested HC-ARF and fiber arrays fusion splice. (a) Nested HC-ARF end face structure diagram; (b) SMF-GIMF after fusion splice and fixed length cleave; (c) SMF-GIMF-(HC-ARF)-GIMF-SMF configuration and diagram of fusion splice point loss
图 3 不同熔接参数对损耗的影响。(a)放电时间对熔接损耗的影响；(b)放电强度对熔接损耗的影响
Figure 3. Influence of different fusion splice parameters on loss. (a) Influence of discharge time on fusion splice loss; (b) Influence of discharge intensity on fusion splice loss
图 4 熔接结果。(a)熔接后的SMF-GIMF-(HC-ARF)光纤；(b)拉断熔接点后的HC-ARF端面；(c) HC-ARF变形坍缩侧面；(d) HC-ARF变形的端面；(e)用热缩套管保护的光纤
Figure 4. Result of fusion splice. (a) SMF-GIMF-(HC-ARF) after fusion splice; (b) HC-ARF end face after breaking the fusion splice point; (c) Side view of HC-ARF collapse; (d) End face of HC-ARF collapse; (e) Fiber protected by heat shrink tubing
表 1 不同角度熔接测试的熔接损耗
Table 1. Loss from different angle fusion splice tests
Sample GIMF length/μm GIMF angle/(°) HC-ARF angle/(°) Loss/dB 1 268 0.7 0.2 0.56 2 270 1.0 0.8 1.27 3 272 1.1 0.1 0.74 4 268 1.2 0.1 0.80 5 267 1.3 0.2 0.73 6 270 1.5 0.1 0.70 7 270 2.1 0.3 0.99 
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表 2 多次熔接测试的熔接损耗
Table 2. Loss from multiple fusion splice tests
Sample GIMF1 length/μm GIMF1 loss/dB GIMF2 length/μm GIMF2 loss/dB Total loss/dB 1 290 0.93 272 0.95 1.88 2 267 0.44 276 1.05 1.49 3 265 0.47 268 0.75 1.22 4 267 0.45 265 0.74 1.19
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