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摘要:
近年来，太赫兹波因其独特的性质而备受关注。其中，具有不同偏振矢量特性的太赫兹光束展现出新颖的光场分布特性，并呈现出越来越广泛的应用前景。本综述探讨了太赫兹矢量光束的产生方法、在不同领域的应用以及未来的发展方向。首先，对太赫兹矢量光束的产生方法进行了系统分类，并介绍了在太赫兹矢量光束生成方面的研究进展，详细阐述了这些方法的原理以及生成的矢量光束的特性。此外，总结了利用太赫兹矢量光束开展的典型应用。最后，展望了利用不同器件进行太赫兹矢量光场调控所面临的挑战和可能性。这份综述旨在提供对太赫兹矢量光束产生和应用的全面介绍，并为未来的相关研究和开发提供指导。
Abstract:In recent years, terahertz waves have garnered significant attention due to their unique properties. Among them, terahertz vector beams with different polarization characteristics exhibit novel spatial distributions and show increasingly broad prospects for applications. This review explores the generation methods of terahertz vector beams, their applications in various fields, and future development directions. Firstly, the methods for generating terahertz vector beams are systematically classified, and the research progress in terahertz vector beam generation is introduced. The principles of these methods and the characteristics of the generated vector beams are elaborated in detail. In addition, typical applications using terahertz vector beams are summarized. Lastly, the challenges and possibilities of terahertz vector field manipulation using different devices are prospected. The review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the generation and application of terahertz vector beams and offer guidance for future related research and development.
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Key words:
- terahertz wave /
- vector beam /
- beam shaping
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Overview: In recent years, terahertz waves have shown broad application prospects in imaging, communications, material characterization, and other fields due to their unique coherence, strong penetration, low energy, and the freedom to excite the rotation and vibration of atoms and substances. Among various terahertz-structured beams, vector beams with unique polarization characteristics exhibit novel spatial distributions and demonstrate a growing range of potential application values. The vector beam refers to a beam with different polarization states at different positions on the same wave vibration plane at the same time. Unlike a scalar beam, the polarization state of a vector beam changes with its position in space. This review explores the generation methods of terahertz vector beams, their applications in diverse fields, and future developmental directions. To begin with, we systematically classify the generation methods of terahertz vector beams based on formation techniques. The advancements in direct-generation devices such as ultrafast current devices, nonlinear devices, and quantum cascade lasers are discussed. Additionally, we highlight progress in beam shaping devices such as birefringent wave plates, metasurfaces, liquid crystals, and total internal reflection devices regarding terahertz vector beam generation. The detailed explanations of the principles of these methods and the characteristics of the generated vector beams are provided. Next, we present representative applications utilizing terahertz vector beams, including dispersive transmission, polarization measurement, imaging sensing, vector holography, and electron dynamics. The unique characteristics of terahertz vector beams offer significant advantages and potential in these applications, such as improved resolution, enhanced information transfer rates, and precise material property measurements. Finally, we discuss the challenges and possibilities involved in terahertz vector field manipulation using different devices. Among these devices, terahertz quantum cascade lasers and metasurfaces will be the future development trend, with broad development prospects and application potential. Terahertz quantum cascade lasers can achieve high-power, narrow linewidth, and continuously tunable terahertz radiation. Metasurfaces provide more possibilities for research on using integrated optical systems to replace traditional optical systems to generate vector beams. In addition, liquid crystal is also one of the promising materials suitable for terahertz vector beam modulators. Combining active metasurfaces with multi-layer liquid crystals may become the final solution of compact, efficient, and tunable vector beam shaping devices in the terahertz frequency range. With further development of technology and in-depth research on applications, terahertz vector beams will demonstrate their potential and application value in a wider range of fields.
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图 1 基于超快电流器件的太赫兹矢量光束的产生。(a)基于GaAs的微结构光电导天线[38]；(b)基于InP的微结构光电导天线[39]；(c)多像素光电导发射器[41]；(d)单色激光诱导等离子体细丝发射径向偏振太赫兹波[42]；(e)超短激光离轴注入抛物线等离子体通道发射高强度太赫兹波[44]；(f)动态环电流辐射角向偏振太赫兹脉冲[46]；(g, h)光驱动的纳米级矢量电流辐射太赫兹波[47]；(i)纳米结构自旋电子发射器[52]
Figure 1. Generation of terahertz vector beams based on ultrafast current devices. (a) GaAs-based microstructured photoconductive antenna[38]; (b) InP-based microstructured photoconductive antenna[39]; (c) Multi-pixel photoconductive emitters[41]; (d) Radially polarized terahertz waves from one-color laser-induced plasma filament[42]; (e) Ultrashort laser off-axis injecting parabolic plasma channel emits high-field terahertz waves[44]; (f) Dynamic loop currents radiates angularly polarized terahertz pulses[46]; (g, h) Light-driven nanoscale vectorial currents radiates terahertz waves[47]; (i) Nanostructured spintronic emitters[52]
图 2 基于非线性器件的太赫兹矢量光束的产生。(a)使用分段非线性光学晶体生成太赫兹矢量光束[54]；(b, c)具有任意场控制的太赫兹偏振脉冲整形[56]；(d)宽带太赫兹圆柱矢量贝塞尔光束的直接发射[58]；(e)红外矢量光束泵浦产生具有定制拓扑电荷的太赫兹矢量光束[59]；(f)聚焦脉冲激发ZnTe晶体直接产生太赫兹矢量光束[60]
Figure 2. Generation of terahertz vector beams based on nonlinear devices. (a) Terahertz vector beams generation using segmented nonlinear optical crystals[54]; (b, c) Terahertz polarization pulse shaping with arbitrary field control[56]; (d) Direct emission of broadband terahertz cylindrical vector Bessel beam[58]; (e) Infrared vector beam pumping generates terahertz vector beam bearing tailored topological charge[59]; (f) Direct generation of a terahertz vector beam from a ZnTe crystal excited by a focused pulse[60]
图 3 基于量子级联激光器的太赫兹矢量光束的产生。(a, b)具有偏振缠绕发射的量子级联激光器[67]；(c)电泵紧凑型拓扑体激光器[68]；(d)单模电泵浦太赫兹激光器[69]
Figure 3. Generation of terahertz vector beams based on quantum cascade lasers. (a, b) Quantum cascade laser with polarization-winding emission[67]; (c) Electrically-pumped compact topological bulk lasers[68]; (d) Single-mode electrically pumped terahertz laser[69]
图 4 基于双折射波片的太赫兹矢量光束的产生。(a) Q板用于矢量光束整形的不同方案[70]；(b) 3D打印的连续Q板[72]；(c) 3D打印的分段Q板[73]
Figure 4. Generation of terahertz vector beams based on birefringent wave plates. (a) Different schemes of Q-plate for vector beam shaping[70]; (b) 3D printed continuous Q-plate[72]; (c) 3D printed segmented Q-plate[73]
图 5 基于超表面的太赫兹矢量光束的产生。(a)基于自旋解耦相位控制的介电超表面[86]；(b)用于完全控制相位、振幅和偏振的介电超表面[88]；(c)动态控制太赫兹波的石墨烯元器件[90]；(d)圆柱矢量光束紧聚焦场[93]；(e)纵向变化的矢量涡旋光束[94]；(f)沿传播方向的结构矢量场操控[95]
Figure 5. Generation of terahertz vector beams based on metasurfaces. (a) Dielectric metasurfaces via spin-decoupled phase control[86]; (b) Dielectric metasurfaces for complete control of phase, amplitude, and polarization[88]; (c) Graphene meta-devices for dynamically controlling terahertz waves[90]; (d) Tight focusing field of cylindrical vector beams[93]; (e) Longitudinally varying vector vortex beams[94]; (f) Structured vector field manipulation of along the propagation direction[95]
图 6 基于液晶的太赫兹矢量光束的产生[122]。(a)可调谐圆柱矢量光束发生器的示意图；(b)晶胞结构分解图；(c)可重构偏振图案的测量结果；(d)可重构矢量光束的测量结果
Figure 6. Generation of terahertz vector beams based on liquid crystal[122]. (a) Schematic of tunable cylindrical vector beams generator; (b) Exploded view of the structure of a unit cell; (c) Measurement results of reconfigurable polarization patterns; (d) Measurement results of the reconfigurable vector beams
图 7 基于全内反射器件的太赫兹矢量光束的产生。(a)消色差轴对称波片[123]；(b)消色差非轴对称波片[124]；(c)自旋电子太赫兹发射器生成角向和径向偏振太赫兹光束[125]
Figure 7. Generation of terahertz vector beams based on total internal reflection device. (a) Achromatic axially symmetric wave plate[123]; (b) Achromatic non-axisymmetric wave plate[124]; (c) Generation of azimuthally- and radially-polarized terahertz beams from a spintronic terahertz emitter[125]
图 8 太赫兹脉冲的无色散传输。(a)金属波导无色散传输太赫兹脉冲[17]；(b, c)宽带径向偏振太赫兹脉冲光束与波导的高效耦合[55]；(d)半导体表面产生太赫兹脉冲发射到同轴波导[19]
Figure 8. Non-dispersive transmission of terahertz pulses. (a) Non-dispersive transmission of terahertz pulses through metal waveguides[17]; (b, c) Efficient coupling of broadband radially polarized terahertz pulse beams to waveguides[55]; (d) Launching terahertz pulses generation at the semiconductor surfaces into coaxial waveguides[19]
图 10 成像传感。(a)角向偏振光束获取物质的电磁特性[21]；(b)用于太赫兹角膜光谱的波前修正矢量光束[22]；(c)角向偏振太赫兹脉冲对水蒸气进行光谱测量[46]；(d)纵向演化矢量光束测量介质厚度[99]
Figure 10. Imaging and sensing. (a) Azimuthally polarized beam used to obtain electromagnetic properties of matter[21]; (b) Wavefront-modified vector beams for terahertz cornea spectroscopy[22]; (c) Azimuthally polarized terahertz pulses for spectral measurements of water vapor[46]; (d) Longitudinally varying vector beams for measurement of media thickness[99]
图 12 电子动力学。(a)太赫兹矢量场驱动的电子自旋和轨道耦合动力学[23]；(b)角向偏振光束控制量子点中两个相互作用电子的自旋和空间分布[24]
Figure 12. Electron dynamics. (a) Coupled spin and orbital electron dynamics driven by terahertz vector fields[23]; (b) Azimuthally polarized beam steer the spin and spatial distributions of two interacting electrons in a quantum dot[24]
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