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摘要:
本文针对动态测角仪精度容易受瞄准过程中光强稳定性影响的问题，开展动态瞄准误差抑制方法研究。在建立高斯光斑光强分布模型的基础上，分析动态瞄准误差的产生机理，证明了基于横向光电效应的动态瞄准误差抑制方法原理；搭建动态瞄准系统，分别对本文提出方法的瞄准重复性、瞄准精度进行实验验证，实验结果表明瞄准重复性为0.19″，瞄准精度为0.15″，相比较于光强阈值瞄准方法，瞄准误差降低了66%；开展角度块动态测量实验，将本文提出的动态瞄准方法应用于动态测角系统，实验结果证明系统精度能够满足1级角度块的校准需求。
Abstract:This study investigates methods for suppressing dynamic aiming errors, addressing the issue of dynamic goniometer accuracy being easily affected by light intensity stability during aiming. A Gaussian spotlight intensity distribution model is established, and the mechanism of dynamic aiming error generation is analyzed. The principle of the suppression method based on the lateral photovoltaic effect is demonstrated. A dynamic aiming system is constructed, and experiments are conducted to validate the aiming repeatability and accuracy of the proposed method. The results show that the aiming repeatability is 0.19″, and the aiming accuracy is 0.15″. Compared to the light intensity threshold aiming method, the aiming error is reduced by 66%. Dynamic measurement experiments with angle blocks are conducted, applying the proposed method to the dynamic goniometer system. The results demonstrate that the system accuracy meets the calibration requirements for the grade 1 angle block gauge.
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Key words:
- dynamic goniometer /
- aiming error /
- Gaussian spot /
- transverse photoelectric effect
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Overview: Dynamic goniometers are widely used in precision engineering and calibration tasks, but their accuracy is often compromised by aiming errors caused by light intensity fluctuations. These errors, prevalent during dynamic operations, limit the reliability of angle measurements and hinder their broader application. To address this issue, this study focuses on developing a robust aiming error suppression method to enhance the precision and repeatability of dynamic goniometers. The research is motivated by the need for stable and accurate aiming mechanisms under varying light conditions. A Gaussian spotlight intensity distribution model is proposed to analyze the mechanism of aiming error generation, providing a theoretical basis for error suppression strategies. Based on this model, a dynamic aiming system leveraging the lateral photovoltaic effect is designed. Unlike traditional methods reliant on intensity thresholds, this approach employs a position-sensitive detector (PSD) to detect spot center positions by utilizing the proportional relationship between electrode currents, effectively reducing dependency on absolute light intensity. Built a dynamic angle measurement system to evaluate the accuracy and repeatability of different aiming methods. Results showed that the system achieved the aiming repeatability of 0.19" and the aiming accuracy of 0.15", representing a 66% reduction in aiming errors compared to conventional methods. Furthermore, dynamic angle measurements were performed using the system on Grade 1 angle blocks, demonstrating that the system meets stringent calibration requirements. The method also exhibited consistent performance under varying rotational speeds, highlighting its robustness and adaptability to different operational conditions. This study contributes to the field by presenting an innovative suppression method for dynamic aiming errors. The findings underscore the potential of PSD-based lateral photovoltaic detection to improve measurement accuracy in dynamic environments. The proposed system not only advances the precision and repeatability of dynamic goniometers but also lays a foundation for further development of dynamic angle measurement technologies.
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图 1 动态测角仪组成和工作原理示意图。(a)动态测角仪组成；(b) A面瞄准示意图；(c) B面瞄准示意图
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the composition and working principle of the dynamic goniometer. (a) Composition of the dynamic goniometer; (b) A side aiming diagram; (c) B side aiming diagram
图 3 高斯光斑在PSD光敏面的光强分布示意图
Figure 3. Schematic diagram of the Gaussian spot intensity distribution on the PSD photosensitive surface
图 4 动态瞄准重复性实验系统装置图
Figure 4. Device diagram of dynamic targeting repeatability experiment system
图 6 不同转速下的动态瞄准误差。(a)光强阈值动态瞄准方法；(b) PSD动态瞄准方法
Figure 6. Dynamic aiming error at different rotational speeds. (a) Dynamic aiming method based on light intensity threshold; (b) PSD dynamic aiming method
图 7 角度块动态测量实验装置图
Figure 7. Experimental setup diagram for dynamic measurement of angle blocks
表 1 主要仪器规格
Table 1. Specifications of main instruments
仪器名称 型号(制造商) 技术参数 气浮转台 / 重复性：±0.2″; 最高转速：200°/s 圆光栅盘 RESM20 USA150(Renishaw) 23600刻线 栅矩：20 μm 编码器读数头\细分盒 T1011-30A\Ti1000(Renishaw) 细分倍率：1000; 角分辨力：0.055″ 23面多面棱体 上海荣量 等级：三等扩展; 不确定度：0.1″ FPGA电路 自制 工作频率：50 MHz 光强阈值动态瞄准器 自制 RS422差分触发 PSD动态瞄准器 自制 RS422差分触发 
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表 2 角度块测量结果
Table 2. Angle block measurement results
测量次数 A面测角值 B面测角值 工作角测量值 1 290°36′25.34″ 65°6′22.80″ 45°30′2.54″ 2 290°36′25.18″ 65°6′22.91″ 45°30′2.27″ 3 290°36′25.29″ 65°6′22.91″ 45°30′2.38″ 4 290°36′25.23″ 65°6′22.80″ 45°30′2.43″ 5 290°36′25.18″ 65°6′22.91″ 45°30′2.27″ 6 290°36′25.40″ 65°6′23.02″ 45°30′2.38″ 7 290°36′25.07″ 65°6′22.80″ 45°30′2.27″ 8 290°36′25.23″ 65°6′22.86″ 45°30′2.37″ 9 290°36′25.34″ 65°6′22.86″ 45°30′2.48″ 10 290°36′25.29″ 65°6′22.80″ 45°30′2.49″
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