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摘要
表面等离激元结构色是一种由可见光与金属微纳结构相互作用而产生的颜色。为了分析不同金属微纳结构对可见光特性的调控特性，本文选取了几种典型结构包括纳米光栅、亚波长孔阵列及多层堆叠结构，探究了其选频机理以及滤色效果。本文主要介绍了近几年来相关领域的最新发展成果，并对不同器件的应用范围，现存问题以及发展趋势做出了评述。表面等离激元结构色微纳器件优秀的滤波特性以及良好的电学响应，使其在超高分辨率显示和远程实时光调控等领域具备重大潜力。
Abstract
Plasmonic structural colors originate from the interaction between light and metallic nanostructures. Rapid development in nanofabrication and characterization of plasmonic structures provides an efficient way to control light properties at subwavelength scale, which can generate plasmonic structural colors. Here we introduce several representative plasmonic nanostructures which can generate visible structural colors, including nanogratings, perforated metallic films, metal-insulator-metal resonators, dynamically tunable color generators and perfect absorbers. We highlight the properties of plasmonic colors and discuss the intrinsic plasmonic resonance mechanisms. Plasmonic structural colors have the advantages such as ultra-small patterns and rapid response of external change, which are believed to offer a promising future in high-resolution color displays and real-time colors controlling.
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Key words:
- plasmonics /
- color filtering /
- nanofabrication /
- metallic nanostructures
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Overview
Abstract:Perception of color with our eyes is one of the major sources of information that we gain from our surroundings. The color of an object depends on which portion of light (range of wavelengths) reaches our eyes. In nature, structural colors are often caused by the interaction of light with dielectric structures whose dimensions are on the order of visible-light wavelengths. For example, in beetles, the color is originated from the microstructure of the skin which is acting as scattering center; while in some butterflies, the colorful patterns are routed from the reflection from the top of the wings. Different optical interactions, including multilayer interference, light scattering and photonic crystal effect, give rise to selective transmission or reflection of particular light wavelengths, which leads to the generation of structural colors. With the consumption of dyes and pigments, recycling of colored discarded materials has been a very difficult issue because of the hardships in relation to the dissociation of diverse chemical compounds present in the colorant agents. Plasmonic colors therefore draw attention as they enable generation of vivid colors only by geometrical arrangement of metals which not only eases the recycling but also enhances the chemical stability of the colors. Plasmonic colors are structural colors that originate from the interaction between light and metallic nanostructures. Rapid development in nanofabrication and characterization of plasmonic structures provides an efficient way to control light properties at subwavelength scale, which can generate plasmonic structural colors. The engineering of plasmonic colors is a promising, rapidly emerging research field that could have a large technological impact. Artificial surfaces, in particular, on which the colors are generated via a resonant interaction between light and subwavelength metallic nanostructures, have emerged as nanomaterials or metamaterials for the realization of structural colors. Here we introduce several representative plasmonic nanostructures which can generate visible structural colors, including nanogratings, perforated metallic films, metal-insulator-metal resonators, dynamically tunable color generators and perfect absorbers. We highlight the properties of plasmonic colors and discuss the intrinsic plasmonic resonance mechanisms. Plasmonic structural colors have features of sub-diffraction localization, high-fidelity color rendering and rapid responses of external changes, which are believed to offer a promising future in the applications including ultra-high resolution color display, spectral filtering and sensing, holography, three-dimensional stereoscopic imaging and real-time colors controlling with extremely compact device architectures.
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图 2 (a) 光入射到半径为5 nm的金属颗粒上，电场E0造成了金属颗粒表面电子的位移与极化，造成了金属表面电子的震荡——表面等离激元. (b)当光子能量为3.5 eV时，金属颗粒背面的外界电场(黑色箭头)被大大增强。颗粒内部的电场方向一致(红色箭头)且强度与外界电场在同一量级[21].
图 3 周期性光栅产生结构色. (a1)银光栅耦合波导颜色滤波器示意图. (a2)器件的SEM图像，周期为420 nm. (a3)周期为280 nm与420 nm的理论与实验测得的透射率. (a4)为与(a3)中两条谱线相对应的蓝色与红色[28]. (b1)~(b4)为基于银光栅结构的滤波成像(经过0°，45°，90°，135°产生不同颜色的图像)[36]. (c1)超薄无基底薄膜波导的结构示意图，其中最上方为铝光栅，蓝色层为MgF2覆盖层，紫色层为Si3N4波导层，内图为结构的SEM图，比例尺为400 nm. (c2)实验测得颜色在CIE1931色空间的反演图. (c3) 100倍物镜下制造的南京大学校徽显微图（42 μm ×34 μm），其中内图为其SEM图，比例尺均为10 μm[38].
图 5 金属-绝缘体-金属（MIM）结构产生结构色. (a1)设置有输入狭缝与输出狭缝的MIM结构示意图，dsep为两狭缝的间距. (a2) MIM波导结构的光学显微图，器件1~3分别对应dsep为2.5 μm, 3.5 μm和4 μm [59]. (b1) MIM谐振结构的示意图，插图是其SEM图. (b2)白光激发下的光学颜色显微图[60]. (c1)有源MIM结构示意图. (c2)器件的光电效应函数图，圆点，方点和三角点分别对应蓝绿，品红和黄色滤波器的光电效应行为.太阳能电池的性能参数比如短路电流密度(Jsc)，开路电压(Voc)，填充因数(FF)和光电转换效率(PCE)总结如下：蓝绿色(Jsc=5.28 mA·cm-2, Voc=0.51 V, FF=57.5%, PCE= 1.55%)，品红色(Jsc=5.04 mA·cm-2, Voc=0.49 V, FF=33.1%, PCE=0.82%)，黄色(Jsc=3.98 mA·cm-2, Voc=0.48 V, FF= 31.2%, PCE=0.60%)[61].
图 6 (a1)铝光栅电致变色器件结构示意图，光栅周期从240 nm到390 nm(步长30 nm)，铝和氮化硅的厚度分别为250 nm和170 nm. (a2) PolyProDOT-Me2还原态和氧化态的化学式. (a3)和(a4)分别为光开关为ON和OFF状态，测得的透射光谱及其颜色显微图[66]. (b1)液晶结合金属纳米阵列的结构示意图，放大部分为液晶分子在各项同性与各向异性之间的转换过程. (b2)当液晶分子分别为棒状和弯曲状时，对应的归一化吸收谱线，其中红色谱线对应液晶分子呈现棒状，蓝色谱线对应液晶分子呈现弯曲状. (b3)分别当紫外光激发10 s，20 s，30 s，40 s，50 s，60 s时，结构所对应的透射谱[68].
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