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真空激光焊接技术研究现状与展望

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文章导航 > 光电工程 > 2017 Vol. 44 > No. 10 > 945-952

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蔡创, 陈辉, 张卫华. 真空激光焊接技术研究现状与展望[J]. 光电工程, 2017, 44(10): 945-952. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-501X.2017.10.001
引用本文: 蔡创, 陈辉, 张卫华. 真空激光焊接技术研究现状与展望[J]. 光电工程, 2017, 44(10): 945-952. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-501X.2017.10.001
shu
Cai Chuang, Chen Hui, Zhang Weihua. Research status and development prospects of laser welding under vacuum[J]. Opto-Electronic Engineering, 2017, 44(10): 945-952. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-501X.2017.10.001
Citation: Cai Chuang, Chen Hui, Zhang Weihua. Research status and development prospects of laser welding under vacuum[J]. Opto-Electronic Engineering, 2017, 44(10): 945-952. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1003-501X.2017.10.001
shu

真空激光焊接技术研究现状与展望

    • 1.

      西南交通大学材料科学与工程学院，成都 610003

    • 2.

      西南交通大学牵引动力国家重点实验室，成都 610003

详细信息

Research status and development prospects of laser welding under vacuum

    • 1.

      School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610003, China

    • 2.

      State Key Laboratory of Traction Power, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610003, China

More Information
    摘要

  • 真空环境下激光焊接熔深得到显著提高，焊缝成形及气孔等缺陷得到极大改善，可以获得常规激光焊接方法难以获得的显著效果。近些年，有关真空激光焊接过程机理，低真空甚至局部负压环境激光焊接装置的研究日益完善，真空激光焊接技术在船舶、核电及压力容器等领域大厚板焊接中展现出良好的应用前景。本文首要概述环境压力变化对激光焊缝熔深，焊缝表面成形及气孔等缺陷的影响规律，从焊接过程等离子体羽辉及匙孔、熔池的动态行为特性方面总结国内外学者有关真空激光焊接机理的研究成果，并介绍了真空焊接技术在工业领域的应用情况，最后对目前已报道的研究中存在的问题进行分析并对真空焊接技术的发展前景进行展望。

    Compared with conventional laser welding, the welding quality was improved significantly while the laser welding was conducted under vacuum. The penetration depth of the weld seam increased sharply. The welding formation was improved and the porosity defects were suppressed effectively. In recent years, numerous researches on the mechanism of welding process, low vacuum and local subatmospheric pressure laser welding equipments have been undertaken. The laser welding under vacuum exhibits the wonderful application prospects to weld the thick plates in the shipbuilding, nuclear instrument and pressure vessel industries. The influences of ambient pressure on the laser welding penetration depth, surface formation and porosity defect were summarized. The domestic and overseas research findings on mechanism of laser welding under vacuum were elaborated from the aspects of plasma plume, keyhole and molten pool behaviors. In addition, the applications of laser welding under vacuum in the industry were introduced. Finally, the problems of reported researches were analyzed and the prospects of the technology were discussed.

    • Overview

  • Compared to electron beam welding, the penetration depth of high power laser welding is smaller due to theattenuation effect of the plasma plume on laser power deposition. To date, numerous researches on the suppression oflaser plasma plume had been undertaken, such as pulse laser welding, weaving laser welding, change the shielding gascompositions, and apply the side-assistant gas and electromagnetic fields. However, the increase of the penetration depthand the improvement of the weld quality were inconspicuous. Compared with conventional laser welding, the weldingformation and quality was improved significantly while the laser welding was conducted under vacuum. In this work,the influences of ambient pressure on the laser welding penetration depth, surface formation and porosity defect weresummarized. The domestic and overseas research findings on mechanism of laser welding under vacuum were elaborated from the aspects of plasma plume, keyhole and molten pool behaviors. In addition, the applications of laser welding under vacuum in the industry were introduced. Finally, the problems of reported researches were analyzed and theprospects of the technology were discussed. The previous researches on the laser welding under vacuum indicated thatthe penetration depth of the weld seams increased sharply, the welding formation was improved and the porosity defectswere suppressed effectively. Critical vacuum degree enough for improving the weld penetration depth and quality wasdetected for aluminum alloy, titanium alloy, nickel-base alloy and steel. The laser welding characteristics under vacuumwas related to the plasma plume, keyhole and molten pool flow behaviors. The planet wheel carrier in the power stationhad been welded successfully by applying this technology. The laser welding under vacuum exhibits the wonderful application prospects to weld the thick plates in the shipbuilding, nuclear instrument and pressure vessel industries. In thefuture works, the authors suggest that the laser power deposition mechanism should be investigated systematically byconsidering the physical properties of the materials and the collision characteristics of the ions in the plasma plume. Besides, the heat and mass transfer characteristics, solidification behavior of the molten pool should be studied. In order toexpand the application fields of laser welding under vacuum, the low vacuum and local subatmospheric pressure laserwelding equipments should be developed towards higher adaptability and integration. Local subatmospheric pressurelaser welding equipments with the excellent pressure maintaining property should be developed. Moreover, the feasibility of laser welding with filler and laser hybrid welding under vacuum is of vital interest for the development this technology.

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  • 图 1  低真空环境下激光焊缝熔深[7].

    Figure 1.  The penetration depth of laser welding underlow vacuum[7].

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    图 2  大功率真空激光焊接装置[9]. (a)总体示意图. (b)真空舱实物图.

    Figure 2.  Vacuum equipment for high-power laser welding[9]. (a) Schematic diagram. (b) Photo image of the vacuum chamber.

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    图 3  真空环境下(环境压力0.1 kPa)不锈钢激光焊缝横截面[10]. (a)离焦量-40 mm. (b)离焦量+20 mm.

    Figure 3.  Cross-sections of laser welds in stainless steel undervacuum (0.1 kPa)[10]. (a) Defocused distance of-40 mm. (b) Defocused distance of +20 mm.

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    图 4  铝合金激光焊熔深随环境压力的变化规律[12].

    Figure 4.  The influences of ambient pressure on the penetrationdepth of laser welded aluminum alloys[12].

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    图 5  等离子体羽辉面积与真空度关系[13].

    Figure 5.  The plasma plume area as a function of vacuum degree[13].

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    图 6  局部负压环境激光焊接装置[14]. (a)整体图. (b)结构图(1.负压模块；2.锥形孔模块；3.固定模块；4.空气刀模块；5.透镜模块).

    Figure 6.  Photo images of local subatmospheric equipment for laser welding[14]. (a) Overall image. (b) Structure image (1. local subatmospheric module; 2. conical orifice; 3. fixed module; 4. air knife; 5. optical lens).

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    图 7  不同环境压力下探测激光穿过等离子体羽辉后特征. (a)装置示意图[21]. (b)光斑位置变化和折射角[9].

    Figure 7.  The characteristics of probe laser through the plasma plume. (a) Schematic diagram of equipment[21]. (b) Change of spotpositions and refracted angles[9].

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    图 8  大气环境下激光焊接熔池流动及气孔形成示意图[8].

    Figure 8.  Flow behavior and formation of porosity defectunder atmospheric pressure [8].

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    图 9  真空环境下激光焊接熔池流动行为示意图[8].

    Figure 9.  Flow behaviors of molten pool during laser welding process under vacuum[8].

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    图 10  激光深熔焊匙孔纵截面温度分布云图.(t=31.5 ms)[26]. (a)真空环境. (b)大气环境.

    Figure 10.  Longitudinal distribution of transient temperature during laser welding process (t=31.5 ms)[26]. (a) Under vacuum. (b) Underatmospheric pressure.

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    图 11  激光焊缝截面形貌[26]. (a)真空环境. (b)大气环境.

    Figure 11.  Cross-sections of laser welds[26]. (a) Under vacuum. (b) Under atmospheric pressure.

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    图 12  真空激光焊接设备[29]. (a)激光头. (b)真空舱. (c)抽真空装置.

    Figure 12.  Laser welding equipment with vacuum chamber[29]. (a) Laser head. (b) Vacuum chamber. (c) Pumping station.

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    图 13  德国PTR公司真空激光焊接设备[30].

    Figure 13.  Laser welding equipment with laser beam in vacuum manufactured by PTR GmbH[30].

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    图 14  大型齿轮真空激光焊接[30]. (a)焊接位置示意图. (b)焊缝横截面.

    Figure 14.  Laser welding of planet wheel carrier under vacuum[30]. (a) Schematic diagram of welding position. (b) Cross-section of weld seam.

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收稿日期:  2017-08-21
修回日期:  2017-09-18
刊出日期:  2017-10-15

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