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摘要:
真空环境下激光焊接熔深得到显著提高，焊缝成形及气孔等缺陷得到极大改善，可以获得常规激光焊接方法难以获得的显著效果。近些年，有关真空激光焊接过程机理，低真空甚至局部负压环境激光焊接装置的研究日益完善，真空激光焊接技术在船舶、核电及压力容器等领域大厚板焊接中展现出良好的应用前景。本文首要概述环境压力变化对激光焊缝熔深，焊缝表面成形及气孔等缺陷的影响规律，从焊接过程等离子体羽辉及匙孔、熔池的动态行为特性方面总结国内外学者有关真空激光焊接机理的研究成果，并介绍了真空焊接技术在工业领域的应用情况，最后对目前已报道的研究中存在的问题进行分析并对真空焊接技术的发展前景进行展望。
Abstract:Compared with conventional laser welding, the welding quality was improved significantly while the laser welding was conducted under vacuum. The penetration depth of the weld seam increased sharply. The welding formation was improved and the porosity defects were suppressed effectively. In recent years, numerous researches on the mechanism of welding process, low vacuum and local subatmospheric pressure laser welding equipments have been undertaken. The laser welding under vacuum exhibits the wonderful application prospects to weld the thick plates in the shipbuilding, nuclear instrument and pressure vessel industries. The influences of ambient pressure on the laser welding penetration depth, surface formation and porosity defect were summarized. The domestic and overseas research findings on mechanism of laser welding under vacuum were elaborated from the aspects of plasma plume, keyhole and molten pool behaviors. In addition, the applications of laser welding under vacuum in the industry were introduced. Finally, the problems of reported researches were analyzed and the prospects of the technology were discussed.
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Key words:
- vacuum /
- laser welding /
- plasma plume /
- keyhole and molten pool behaviors
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Compared to electron beam welding, the penetration depth of high power laser welding is smaller due to theattenuation effect of the plasma plume on laser power deposition. To date, numerous researches on the suppression oflaser plasma plume had been undertaken, such as pulse laser welding, weaving laser welding, change the shielding gascompositions, and apply the side-assistant gas and electromagnetic fields. However, the increase of the penetration depthand the improvement of the weld quality were inconspicuous. Compared with conventional laser welding, the weldingformation and quality was improved significantly while the laser welding was conducted under vacuum. In this work,the influences of ambient pressure on the laser welding penetration depth, surface formation and porosity defect weresummarized. The domestic and overseas research findings on mechanism of laser welding under vacuum were elaborated from the aspects of plasma plume, keyhole and molten pool behaviors. In addition, the applications of laser welding under vacuum in the industry were introduced. Finally, the problems of reported researches were analyzed and theprospects of the technology were discussed. The previous researches on the laser welding under vacuum indicated thatthe penetration depth of the weld seams increased sharply, the welding formation was improved and the porosity defectswere suppressed effectively. Critical vacuum degree enough for improving the weld penetration depth and quality wasdetected for aluminum alloy, titanium alloy, nickel-base alloy and steel. The laser welding characteristics under vacuumwas related to the plasma plume, keyhole and molten pool flow behaviors. The planet wheel carrier in the power stationhad been welded successfully by applying this technology. The laser welding under vacuum exhibits the wonderful application prospects to weld the thick plates in the shipbuilding, nuclear instrument and pressure vessel industries. In thefuture works, the authors suggest that the laser power deposition mechanism should be investigated systematically byconsidering the physical properties of the materials and the collision characteristics of the ions in the plasma plume. Besides, the heat and mass transfer characteristics, solidification behavior of the molten pool should be studied. In order toexpand the application fields of laser welding under vacuum, the low vacuum and local subatmospheric pressure laserwelding equipments should be developed towards higher adaptability and integration. Local subatmospheric pressurelaser welding equipments with the excellent pressure maintaining property should be developed. Moreover, the feasibility of laser welding with filler and laser hybrid welding under vacuum is of vital interest for the development this technology.
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