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摘要:
如果热流大小和热流流向能像固体中的电流一样被调控,则将使热能调控拥有更广阔的应用前景。宏观热能调控最重要的手段是构建热功能材料,通过对宏观热扩散方程的空间变换,实现空间热导系统的非均匀分布,从而有效调控热流流向。这类基于变换热学的新型热功能材料可以实现热隐身与热伪装。
Abstract:Thermal energy has been proposed to have ever greater potential for human beings if the heat carriers, i.e. phonons can be controlled in micron scale as easy as its counterpart, electrons in solid. Alternatively, in macroscopical scale, functional thermal materials are used to control thermal energy. The transformation of macroscopical thermal diffusion equation is proposed to obtain the asymmetrical thermal conductivity in real space. This new type of thermal functional materials helps to control heat flow and to realize thermal cloak and thermal camouflage.
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Abstract:Thermal energy has been proposed to have ever greater potential for human beings if the heat carriers, phonons can be controlled in micron-scale as easy as its counterpart, electrons in solid. However, it is a challenge to control phonons due to its relatively short wavelength, which is in the order of a few nanometers to a few tens of nanometers. Alternatively, in macroscopical scale, functional thermal materials are used to control thermal energy. The transformation of macroscopical thermal diffusion equation is proposed to obtain the asymmetrical thermal conductivity in real space. This new type of thermal functional materials helps to control heat flow and to realize thermal cloak and thermal camouflage. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in constructing thermal functional materials (also called thermal metamaterials). In Sec Ⅰ, we discussed the history of functional materials and the principles of constructing thermal functional materials, special focus was given to the thermal cloak, followed by the realization of thermal cloak in Sec Ⅱ.Thermal camouflage, based on the realization of thermal cloak, was discussed in Sec Ⅲ, which is proposed to have great potentials in military usage. We stressed both the principle and practical based challenges in thermal cloak and thermal camouflage in Sec Ⅳ, in which outlooks were also given.
It is worth noting that thermal transports consist of thermal conduction, thermal convection and thermal radiation. Recent progresses on thermal functional materials are based on the transformation of thermotics, i.e. spacial distortion of thermal conducting path, leaving thermal convection and thermal radiation untouched. We hope, though this review paper, to encourage more researchers in China to engage in this field, and to accelerate the practical usage of thermal cloak and thermal camouflage.
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图 2 (a)~(c)分别为S. Narayana等人设计的热隐身衣结构图、原理图和测量方法. (d)~(f)分别为60 s、120 s以及热稳态(即无限长时间)时热隐身衣的等温线[5].
图 4 (a1)和(a2)为正常热传导示意图:当热量从左边热端流向右边冷端时,图中蓝色小人将很容易被热成像仪探测. (b1)~(b3)为热隐身衣示意图、设计图和实验表现. (c1) ~ (c3)为热伪装示意图、设计图和实验表现, 其成功将图中蓝色小人伪装为(d1)~(d3)中的两个红色小人[10].
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