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Generation and detection of a tightly focused uniform optical bubble based on single-beam vector field modulation
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摘要
三维光泡，即紧聚焦三维中空暗场光斑分布，在光学操控以及激光加工等领域中具有重要的应用价值。在已报道的工作中，三维光泡一般采用多光束干涉叠加的方式来产生，光路复杂，不利于系统集成应用，且能量利用率低。利用单光束矢量光场调控技术，产生高强度均匀性紧聚焦三维光泡，并利用探测光偏振转换技术实现对三维光泡的探测。通过调节旋向偏振入射光与0/π二元相位调制的径向偏振入射光的能量比，在实验上实现边缘强度与中心暗斑强度比值大于10:1、边缘强度均匀度接近90%的三维光泡，为双光束超分辨激光加工与光存储、粒子操控等领域提供实用的技术途径。
Abstract
Optical bubble, characterized by a tightly focused three-dimensional dark-field intensity distribution, exhibits significant application value in fields such as optical manipulation and laser processing. In previously reported results, an optical bubble is typically generated through multi-beam interference and superposition, which involves complex optical setups and is not conducive to system integration and practical applications, and has low energy utilization efficiency. In this study, we utilize single-beam vector field modulation technology to generate a tightly focused optical bubble with high intensity uniformity. Furthermore, we achieve the detection of this hollow bubble through polarization conversion of the probe light. By adjusting the energy ratio between azimuthally polarized incident beam and radially polarized incident beam modulated by a 0/π binary phase, we experimentally realize an optical bubble with an edge-to-center dark spot intensity ratio exceeding 10:1 and edge intensity uniformity approaching 90%. This work provides a feasible technical approach for applications in dual-beam super-resolution laser processing, optical data storage, and particle manipulation.
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Overview
Overview: Optical bubble, characterized by a tightly focused three-dimensional dark-field spot distribution, exhibits significant application values in fields such as optical manipulation and laser processing. Since 2000, research on the focused field distribution of optical bubbles has gradually gained attention. Arlt et al. generated an optical bubble in the focal region through the coherent superposition of two different Laguerre-Gaussian beam modes. Zhan et al. produced a tightly focused optical bubble using cylindrical vector beams combined with binary diffractive optical elements. Kozawa et al. achieved an optical bubble via coherent superposition of double annular radially polarized beams. However, the poor intensity uniformity at the edges of these generated bubbles limits their practical applicability. Bokor et al. utilized a Laguerre-Gaussian radially polarized beam for 4π focusing, generating an optical bubble with high intensity uniformity in the focal region. However, the counter-propagating focusing scheme in 4π focusing requires extremely high experimental alignment precision, making it challenging to implement in practice. Subsequently, this research group achieved the generation of an optical bubble with high intensity uniformity under conventional unidirectional focusing conditions by adjusting the energy ratio between an azimuthally polarized incident beam and a radially polarized incident beam modulated by a 0/π binary phase. Nevertheless, current experimental realizations of optical bubbles rely on multi-beam synthesis, which imposes stringent requirements on the experimental setup, particularly the multi-pulse beam synthesis system.
To address this issue, we utilize single-beam vector field modulation technology to generate an optical bubble with high intensity uniformity in a simplified experimental system. Furthermore, polarization conversion of the probe light enables the detection of individual polarization components within the focused field, facilitating the reconstruction of the three-dimensional morphology distribution of the optical bubble. By optimizing the energy ratio between the azimuthally polarized incident beam and the radially polarized incident beam modulated by a 0/π binary phase, we experimentally demonstrate an optical bubble with an edge-to-center dark spot intensity ratio exceeding 10:1 and edge intensity uniformity approaching 90%. Highly uniform optical bubble significantly enhances particle manipulation by enabling precise trapping of particles, thereby improving experimental controllability and repeatability. In terms of processing accuracy, it mitigates issues such as non-uniform machining depth and edge burrs, ultimately increasing production yield in material processing applications. Compared to traditional multi-beam synthesis methods, this technology markedly reduces system complexity while doubling optical energy utilization efficiency, providing a more practical technical approach for applications in dual-beam super-resolution laser processing, optical data storage, and particle manipulation.
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图 1 XY焦平面和包含光轴的XZ平面内的光场强度归一化分布和三维光泡的光场强度归一化曲线理论结果。(a)旋向偏振入射光紧聚焦生成中空管状光场；(b) 0/π二元相位调制的径向偏振入射光紧聚焦光场；(c)在最佳强度均匀度时，二者叠加生成的紧聚焦三维光泡；(d)不同能量比下(RP/AP)三维光泡均匀度变化曲线图；(e)三维光泡沿x方向、z方向和c方向的光场强度归一化曲线
Figure 1. Normalized intensity distributions of optical field intensity in XY focal plane and XZ plane containing the optical axis, as well as theoretical results of normalized intensity curves of three-dimensional optical bubble. (a) Tightly focused hollow tubular optical field generated by azimuthally polarized incident beam; (b) Tightly focused optical field generated by radially polarized incident beam with 0/π binary phase modulation; (c) Tightly focused three-dimensional optical bubble generated by superposition of two under optimal intensity uniformity;(d) Variation curve of three-dimensional optical bubble uniformity under different energy ratios (RP/AP); (e) Normalized intensity curves of three-dimensional optical bubble along x-direction, z-direction, and c-direction
图 2 基于单光束矢量光场调控和金纳米颗粒扫描的紧聚焦三维光泡的产生和探测光路示意图
Figure 2. Optical path schematic for the generation and detection of a tightly focused optical bubble based on single-path vector beams manipulation and gold nanoparticle scanning
图 3 XY焦平面和包含光轴的XZ平面内的光场强度归一化分布和三维光泡的光场强度归一化曲线实验结果。(a)旋向偏振入射光紧聚焦生成中空管状光场；(b) 0/π二元相位调制的径向偏振入射光紧聚焦光场；(c)二者叠加生成的紧聚焦三维光泡；三维光泡光场强度沿(d) x方向、(e) z方向和(f) c方向的归一化曲线
Figure 3. Experimental results of normalized intensity distributions of optical field in XY focal plane and XZ plane containing optical axis, as well as normalized intensity curves of three-dimensional optical bubble. (a) Tightly focused hollow tubular optical field generated by azimuthally polarized incident beam; (b) Tightly focused optical field generated by radially polarized incident beam with 0/π binary phase modulation;(c) Tightly focused optical bubble generated by the superposition of the two; Normalized intensity curves of three-dimensional optical bubble along (d) x-direction, (e) z-direction, and (f) c-direction
表 1 三维光泡产生方法及效果对比
Table 1. Comparison of three-dimensional optical bubble generation methods and effects
编号 文章信息 方法 原理图 聚焦光强分布(XZ面） 均匀度 存在的问题 1 J. Arlt, et al.,
Opt. Lett.
25, 191 (2000).两种不同模式的
拉盖尔-高斯光束
紧聚焦
低于
50%强度分布均匀
性较差2 W.Chen, et al.,
Opt.Commun.
265, 411 (2006).柱矢量光束并结
合二元衍射光学
元件
低于
50%强度分布均匀
性较差3 Y.Kozawa, et al.,
Opt. Lett.
31, 820 (2006).双环形径向偏振
光紧聚焦
低于
50%强度分布均匀
性较差4 N.Bokor, et al.,
Opt. Lett.
31, 149 (2006).两个反向传播的
径向偏振 LG 光
束 4π 聚焦
接近
90%4π 聚焦实验
较难实现5 N.Bokor, et al.,
Opt.Commun.
279, 229 (2007).旋向偏振光与 0/π
二元相位调制的径
向偏振光叠加合成
聚焦
接近
90%实验上利用多
光束合成实现,
能量利用率较低
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