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摘要:
为满足诸如大型对撞机实验探测器研制、空间载荷量能器等大科学工程和新型医疗影像设备TOF-PET对闪烁体的筛选需求，对闪烁体的闪烁性能(发射光谱、光输出、能量分辨率、衰减时间、余辉以及符合时间分辨率等)进行了研究，并针对不同闪烁体样品的测试需求设计了一整套完整的无机闪烁体性能测试方案。在发射光谱测试中选择了不同的激发源进行对比测试，对能量分辨率与符合时间分辨等闪烁性能的测试条件进行优化，并成功应用于热门闪烁体掺杂铈的硅酸钇镥(LYSO: Ce)和钆铝镓石榴石(GAGG: Ce)的性能研究中，取得了较好的测试结果。
Abstract:In order to respond to the scintillator screening requirements of large scientific projects and the new medical imaging equipment such as the development of large-scale collider experimental detectors, space load calorimeters and TOF-PET, our laboratory conducts research on the scintillation performance (emission spectrum, light output, energy resolution, decay time, afterglow, coincidence time resolution, etc.) of scintillators. A complete set of inorganic scintillator performance test programs is designed for the optimal performance of different scintillator samples. In the test of emission spectrum, different excitation sources were selected for comparison test. The energy resolution and the test conditions of the scintillation performance such as time resolution were optimized, which were successfully applied to the performance research of popular scintillators including cerium-doped yttrium lutetium silicate (LYSO: Ce) and gadolinium aluminum gallium garnet (GAGG: Ce), and good test results were obtained. The energy resolution of LYSO: Ce and ceramic GAGG: Ce scintillators are 7.9% and 5.4%, respectively, and the coincidence time resolution of the LYSO: Ce scintillator can reach 94.3 ps.
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Overview: Inorganic scintillators have a history of more than sixty years of development in our country. During this period, many scintillators have been successfully developed and put on the market. They have excellent scintillation properties such as high density and high transmittance, as well as stable physical and chemical properties. Coupled with photodetectors, they become one of the core detectors in high-energy physics and nuclear physics experiments. At present, the demand for the physical characteristics of the scintillators has been transformed into high light yield, excellent energy resolution, and fast decay time. Some large-scale scientific projects and new medical imaging equipment, such as the development of large-scale collider experimental detectors, space load calorimeters and TOF-PET require a large number of high-performance scintillators. For this reason, it is urgent to develop and design a complete and convenient scintillator performance test program.
With the development of the photoelectric field, a new type of fast photodetector with fast time response, strong anti-interference ability, small size and light weight has been developed. It is suitable for the detection of fast and extremely weak signals, and its time resolution can reach on the order of tens of picoseconds. The production of new fast photodetectors has also made the scintillator performance test enter a new stage, and the test accuracy will be significantly improved. As a result, an inorganic scintillator performance test plan for a new type of inorganic scintillator and a fast photodetector came into being.
LYSO: Ce scintillator has attracted widespread attention due to its high light yield (25000 ph/MeV) and fast luminescence decay time (40 ns). The single crystal GAGG: Ce scintillator has a light yield of 30000 ph/MeV, and has two decay components: fast and slow. According to the difference of the decay time of the output pulse waveform, it is expected that the PSD method can be used to realize particle discrimination.
The outstanding fluorescence performance advantages of LYSO: Ce scintillator and GAGG: Ce scintillator have set off a research boom. The light output of the LYSO: Ce scintillator is 27029 ph/MeV, the decay time is 40 ns, the energy resolution is 7.9%@662 keV, and the coincidence time resolution can reach 94.3 ps, which were measured by the inorganic scintillator performance test plan. At the same time, the light outputs of ceramic and single crystal GAGG: Ce are 59316 ph/MeV and 31405 ph/MeV, respectively, the energy resolution is 5.4%@662 keV and 7.1%@662 keV, and the decay time of ceramic GAGG: Ce is 182.9 ns. The decay time components of single crystal GAGG: Ce are 50.1 ns and 321.5 ns, respectively.
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图 1 闪烁体发射光谱测试装置图
Figure 1. The schematic of scintillator emission spectrum measurement
图 2 闪烁体的发射光谱。(a) LYSO: Ce；(b) GAGG: Ce
Figure 2. Emission spectrum of scintillators. (a) LYSO: Ce; (b) GAGG: Ce
图 4 LYSO: Ce耦合不同探测器的能量线性
Figure 4. Energy linearity when LYSO: Ce is coupled with different detectors
图 5 LYSO: Ce耦合50 μm SiPM的能量线性
Figure 5. Energy linearity when LYSO: Ce is coupled with the SiPM with 50 μm microcells
图 6 LYSO: Ce的能量分辨率。(a) 修正前；(b) 修正后
Figure 6. The energy resolution of LYSO: Ce. (a) Before correction; (b) After correction
图 7 闪烁体时间特性测试装置图
Figure 7. The schematic of scintillator time characteristic measurement
图 9 LYSO: Ce和单晶GAGG: Ce的平均脉冲波形
Figure 9. The average pulse waveform of LYSO: Ce and single crystal GAGG: Ce
图 10 LYSO: Ce闪烁体的符合时间分辨率
Figure 10. The coincidence time resolution of LYSO: Ce scintillator
表 1 LYSO: Ce和GAGG: Ce闪烁体的性能测试结果
Table 1. The performance test results of LYSO: Ce and GAGG: Ce scintillators
Scintillator LYSO: Ce GAGG: Ce (Ceramic) GAGG: Ce (Single crystal) Light output/(ph/MeV) 27029 59316 31405 Energy resolution/(%) 7.9 5.4 7.1 Decay time/ns 42.0 182.9 50.1 (39.2%) 321.5 (60.8%) Coincidence time resolution/ps 94.3 - - 
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