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Link structure of underwater wireless optical communication and progress on performance optimization
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摘要:
水下无线光通信(UWOC)可为水下平台提供高速灵活的通信选择。本文介绍了UWOC的基本链路构成，并指出UWOC系统的优化方案。吸收、散射和湍流都会影响UWOC的性能，深入研究信道特性可以指导发射器、接收器和相关信号处理技术的设计。UWOC性能还能够通过复用技术、单光子探测技术和对准系统等进行优化。功能全面的测试平台可以为UWOC系统提供必要的测试环境，为海试与工业化应用奠定基础。本文期望能为UWOC相关研究者带来帮助。
Abstract:Underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) can provide a high-speed and flexible communication link for underwater platforms. This paper introduces the basic structure of a UWOC link and points out the optimization schemes for a UWOC system. Absorption, scattering, and turbulence will affect the performance of a UWOC system. A comprehensive study of channel characteristics can guide the design of transmitters, receivers, and related signal processing technologies. The performance of UWOC can also be optimized by multiplexing technologies, single-photon detection technologies, and alignment systems. A comprehensive test platform could provide a necessary test environment for further sea trials and the practical applications of UWOC. The paper is expected to serve as a guideline for researchers related to UWOC.
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Key words:
- UWOC /
- channel modelling /
- optical multiplexing technology /
- single photon detection /
- alignment
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Overview: Ocean exploration urgently needs a more flexible and stable way of communication without cables. Underwater wireless optical communication (UWOC) owns strong competitiveness with the features of large capacity, strong anti-interference ability, and good confidentiality. With such advantages, UWOC has become an important scientific theme attracting worldwide attention. This paper introduces the recent research progress and basic link structures of UWOC, including transmitter, receiver, and a challenging channel. Light emitting diode (LED) and laser diode (LD) are two kinds of light sources commonly used in the UWOC system. LEDs, with a large divergence angle and low cost, are widely used in short-range UWOC. On the other hand, LDs characterized by highly coherent, directional output and larger bandwidth could realize a longer transmission distance at a higher data rate. For the modulation formats, on-off keying (OOK) is widely used in the UWOC systems. Other modulation formats are also used to improve the performance of the system. Channel coding like Reed-Solomon (RS) code, low density parity check (LDPC) code can maintain a stable communication link. At the receiver of UWOC, the most widely used optical detectors are positive-intrinsic-negative (PIN) diode and avalanche photodiode (APD). In addition, single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) and multi-pixel photon counter (MPPC) attract special attention due to ultra-high sensitivity for long-reach UWOC systems. The absorption, scattering, and turbulence in water lead to serious interference and degradation to the performance of UWOC. Therefore, a comprehensive study of the UWOC channel is essential for the design of a UWOC system. For UWOC channel modeling, numerical methods with lower computational complexity, are commonly used. This paper also explores system optimization schemes for UWOC. Multiplexing technologies, such as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), and orbital angular momentum (OAM), can enhance the performance of UWOC by making full use of different optical degrees of freedom. The coverage of the UWOC link can be extended by using single-photon detectors. The underwater wireless optical network enables the connection of massive underwater vehicles, submarines, and sensors in a wider area. UWOC could also be combined with optical fiber communication to realize a longer transmission distance and a more flexible network. Test platforms are also useful for practical UWOC applications. In the future, UWOC is envisioned to play an increasingly important role in ocean exploration. This review is expected to be helpful to the researchers in this field.
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图 1 水下光通信应用场景
Figure 1. The demand of wireless communication in human underwater activities
图 3 水下无线光通信系统的基本框图
Figure 3. The block diagram of underwater wireless optical communication system
图 4 激光在不同水体中传播不同距离后接收端能量分布。
Figure 4. The received optical power distribution of a laser beam after passing through a (a) 4 m, (b) 8 m, (c) 12 m costal water channel; (d) 4 m, (e) 8 m, (f) 12 m harbor water channel
图 5 蒙特卡罗方法仿真的两种波长光在8 m长港口海水中的(a)脉冲响应和(b)频率响应
Figure 5. (a) Impulse response and (b) frequency response in 8 m harbor water with different wavelengths based on Monte Carlo simulation
图 6 (a) 基于MPPC的UWOC系统实验装置图
Figure 6. (a) Experiment setup of a MPPC based UWOC system.
表 1 不同种类水体的典型参数
Table 1. Typical parameters for different water types
Water types a b c Clear water 0.114 0.037 0.151 Coastal water 0.179 0.219 0.398 Harbor water 0.366 1.824 2.190 
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