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摘要
激光冲击强化利用激光的力效应进行表面强化，传统的激光冲击强化技术为单面冲击，强化复杂型面薄壁件时，难以同时实现形状控制(控形)和疲劳性能控制(控性)。新型的双面激光冲击强化技术是解决复杂型面薄壁件表面强化难题的理想选择。介绍了两种双面激光冲击强化技术的原理和技术特点，对双面激光冲击强化的应力波传播、应力场分布等过程进行了分析，介绍了双面激光冲击强化在控形和控性方面的应用，并对双面激光冲击强化未来的发展进行了展望。
Abstract
Laser shock peening uses the force effect of the laser to strengthen the surface. The traditional laser shock peening technology is a single-sided shock. When applied to thin-walled parts with complex profiles, it is difficult to achieve shape control and fatigue performance control coordination. The new double-sided laser shock peening technology is ideal for solving the surface strengthening challenges of thin-walled parts with complex profiles. On the basis of introducing the characteristics and deficiencies of single-sided laser shock peening technology, the principle and technical characteristics of two double-sided laser shock peening technologies are summarized. The application of simulation research in analyzing the physical mechanism of stress wave propagation and stress field distribution of double-sided laser shock peening is expounded. The mechanism and application of double-sided laser shock peening in the application of shape control and fatigue performance control are introduced, and the future development of double-sided laser shock peening is prospected.
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Overview
Overview: Thin-wall structures servicing under some extreme conditions may risk fatigue failure and lead to undesirable disasters. The service life of components will be prolonged if their fatigue performance can be enhanced. Since fatigue failure mainly emerges from the surface of the component, it can be delayed if the surface property can be improved with some surface treatment methods, such as heat treatment, chemical treatment, and strain-strengthening treatment. Strain strengthening methods can modify the residual stress field and micro-structure by inducing inelastic deformation to enhance fatigue performance. Compared with other surface treatment methods, strain-strengthening methods have attracted much attention in the past several years due to their low costs, high efficiency, and flexibility. Among the strain-strengthing methods, laser shock peening (LSP) shows an excellent strengthening effect because it can bring deeper compressive residual stress and finer grains with less sacrifice on the surface integrity. Besides, LSP can be applied to process complex and convert surfaces that are hard to be touched by traditional surface treatment methods. Therefore, LSP is viewed as the most promising method for the fatigue life extension of key components in aerospace, vehicles, and ships.
The traditional single-sided laser shock peening (SLSP) is generally used to treat thick-wall components with significant stiffness because the distortion induced by SLSP can be inhibited. However, for the thin-walled structures with low stiffness, the geometry shape can be changed due to the laser-induced local deformation. More seriously, the impact inertia induced by the laser-induced shock wave leads to the fracture of thin-walled structures. Therefore, shape accuracy should be taken into account carefully when the LSP is used to treat thin-wall structures.
The double-sided laser shock peening (DSLSP) is proposed to overcome the surface treatment problem related to thin-walled parts with complex surfaces. DSLSP can induce symmetric local deformation on both sides of the workpiece. The symmetric deformation can ensure shape accuracy by forcing local deformation on two sides to eliminate each other. Besides, DSLSP induces compressive residual stress and refined grains on both sides of the workpiece, which contributes to excellent fatigue performance. Recently, DSLSP has attracted great research attention and plays an increasingly critical role in the fatigue life extension of thin-walled components. However, few summaries on DSLSP have been reported in the past several years. For a better understanding of DNLSP, this article summarizes its technical principle, physical mechanism, application, and other aspects, and prospects of its existing problems and development prospects.
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图 5 工件和吸收层形貌[29]。(a) 工件表面形貌；(b) 工件3D形貌；(c) 吸收层表面形貌；(d) 吸收层3D形貌
Figure 5. The topography of the workpiece and the absorption film[29]. (a) The surface morphology of the workpiece; (b) 3D morphology of the workpiece; (c) Surface morphology of the absorption layer; (d) 3D morphology of the absorption layer
图 10 双面异步激光冲击强化钛合金薄壁件[22]。(a) 厚度方向横向塑性应变分布；(b) 不同能量下单面冲击和双面冲击的等效弯矩；(c) 冲击强化后的零件；(d) 轮廓曲线图
Figure 10. Titanium alloy sheet subject to DNLSP[22]. (a) Transverse plastic strain distribution in the thickness direction; (b) Equivalent bending moment of SLSP and DLSP under different energy; (c) Parts after laser shock peening; (d) Contour graph
图 19 Mg-Al-Mn合金在DSLSP下的冲击波相互作用[49]。(a) 单面激光冲击强化影响；(b) 薄板双面同步激光冲击强化；(c)薄板双面异步激光冲击强化。
Figure 19. Schematic illustrations of laser shock wave interaction on Mg-Al-Mn alloy sheet subjected to DSLSP[49]. (a) One-sided LSP impacts; (b) Two-sided and simultaneous LSP impacts for the thin sheet; (c) Two-sided and simultaneous LSP impacts for the thin sheet
表 1 双面激光冲击强化技术对比总结
Table 1. Comparison and summary of DSLSP
DNLSP DSLSP 技术原理 双光束上下入射 双光束同步入射 优点 控性强化 控形强化 缺点 冲击低刚度件产生大变形或断裂 中性层附近可能存在高幅值残余拉应力或层裂 物理机制 诱导近似对称分布的塑性应变 诱导完全对称分布的塑性应变 应用领域 一定刚度的薄壁件 低刚度的薄壁件 
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表 2 冲击方式和厚度对应力波传播和应力场分布的影响
Table 2. Effects of impact mode and thickness on stress wave propagation and stress field distribution
双面同步冲击 双面异步冲击 薄壁件 (应力波相互作用强) (应力波无相互作用) CRS-TRS-CRS-TRS-CRS
对称分布CRS-TRS-CRS
非对称分布厚壁件 (应力波相互作用弱) (应力波无相互作用) CRS-TRS-0-TRS-CRS
对称分布CRS-TRS-0-TRS-CRS
对称分布CRS: compressive residual stress; TRS: tensile residual stresses; 0: no residual stress
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表 3 不同扫描路径下单面、双面同步和双面异步冲击下强化件的最大变形
Table 3. Maximum deformation of the model in single-sided, double-sided simultaneous (DSLSP) and double-sided non-simultaneous(DNLSP) shock under different scan paths
扫描路径1/mm 扫描路径2/mm 扫描路径3/mm 单面 −1.091 −1.070 −1.098 双面同步 −0.00409 −0.00415 −0.00427 双面异步 −0.1164 −0.1327 −0.1122
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