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Recent progress in optical fiber sensing based on forward stimulated Brillouin scattering
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摘要:
前向受激布里渊散射(F-SBS)是光纤中重要的三阶非线性效应，是进行外界物质识别和分析研究光纤物理特性的有力手段，成为近年研究的热点。本文通过对光纤中前向受激布里渊散射研究进展的调研和分析，整合了F-SBS的主要理论和传感原理，回顾了基于相位解调和能量转移探测的F-SBS测量手段，并重点介绍了本地光相位追溯技术、光力时域反射技术和光力时域分析技术等分布式传感技术。随着F-SBS传感器的逐渐实用化，对于F-SBS的高精度、高空间分辨力分布式测量的需求愈发显著，这将是未来光纤中前向受激布里渊散射的主要研究方向。
Abstract:Forward stimulated Brillouin scattering (F-SBS), a 3-order nonlinear effect in optical fibers, has become the hotspot in recent years, due to its great potential in substance identification, and fiber diameter measurement, etc. Through research and analysis of the progress of F-SBS, the main principle and key techniques are generalized in this paper. Distributed sensing schemes based on local light phase recovery, opto-mechanical time-domain reflectometry, and opto-mechanical time-domain analysis are emphatically introduced here. With the gradual practical application of F-SBS, the demand for distributed measurement of F-SBS with high precision and high spatial resolution becomes more and more significant, which will be the main research direction of F-SBS in optical fibers in the future.
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Overview: The Brillouin optical fiber sensors have been well developed in the past decades, due to their capabilities of distributed sensing. With the introduction of new sensing mechanisms, the physical quantity can be measured by distributed Brillouin optical fiber sensors gradually increase. Forward stimulated Brillouin scattering (F-SBS) is one of the most typical representations of these new mechanisms, which allows unmarked substance identification with non-structures additional. The sensors based on F-SBS are expected to be used in pollution monitoring, chemical reaction monitoring, biomedical probes, and optical fiber manufacturing. The F-SBS sensors are promising methods for these and other applications which need high accuracy, and unmarked substance identification, and the distributed F-SBS sensors with the high spatial resolution are considered to greatly potential in the future.
In the micron-sized symmetrical shapes, just like optical fiber, acoustic waves can be transmitted in cross-sections, reflected on the boundary, and with resonant frequencies ranging from megahertz (MHz) to gigahertz (GHz). It is called the transverse acoustic wave (TAW). TAW hardly transmits in the axial direction. When stimulated by intense optical waves propagating in the fiber core through electro-strictive, TAW can be considered moving with the same speed as an optical wave at the axial direction, so that a phase modulation (PM) caused by TAW can be loaded on co-propagating light, and F-SBS occurred. The lifetime of TAW will be extended to several microseconds when the optical fiber is placed in the air, without coating, and hundreds of nanoseconds in the liquids, which have a strict relationship with the acoustic impedance of the outside substance. By demodulated F-SBS induced PM, TAW can be recovered, which can be used to get the acoustic impedance of the outside substance. What’s more, the resonance frequency of the TAW is related to the diameter of the fiber, which allows an optical fiber diameter measurement method with high accuracy.
Distributed F-SBS sensors are considered as powerful tools on substance identification and optical fiber quality inspection, which means high accuracy and spatial resolution are necessary. In 2018, the distributed F-SBS sensor based on local light phase recovery is proposed, and measured F-SBS via phase demodulation, with a 30 m spatial resolution on a 730 m optical fiber. In the same year, opto-mechanical time-domain reflectometry based on measurement of energy transferring is proposed, which has 100 m spatial resolution on 3 km fiber. In 2020, the team proposed opto-mechanical time-domain analysis (OMTDA), a 2 m spatial resolution on a 225 m fiber was achieved, and in 2021, polarization separate assisted OMTDA was proposed, with a spatial resolution of 0.8 m. The performance of distributed F-SBS sensors is ameliorated rapidly these few years.
In summary, the basic principle, sensing scheme, and performance of F-SBS optical fiber sensors are introduced in this paper. With the F-SBS sensor applied in practice, increasing demand for high accuracy, and high spatial resolution emerges, which we believe will be dominant in the research of substance identification sensors in the future.
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图 1 相位匹配关系。 (a) 后向受激布里渊散射; (b) 前向受激布里渊散射
Figure 1. Phase matching. (a) Backward stimulated Brillouin scattering; (b) Forward stimulated Brillouin scattering
图 2 R0,m主导的F-SBS的色散关系。蓝色曲线为声波的色散曲线，红色曲线为光波的色散曲线，蓝色曲线颜色深浅表示F-SBS的作用强度。
Figure 2. Dispersion relation of R0,m-induced F-SBS. The bule solid lines represented the dispersion curve of acoustic waves, and the red one represented which of light wave. The shade of blue lines means the intensity of F-SBS.
图 3 位移场分布。(a) R0,5模式; (b) TR2,5模式
Figure 3. Transverse displacement profiles. (a) Radial mode R0,5; (b) Torsional-radial mode TR2,5
图 8 多芯光纤中的F-SBS。(a), (b) R0,7和R0,8模的位移场分布；(c), (d) 主芯激发，分别在主芯和测芯测量的F-SBS谱[43]
Figure 8. F-SBS in multi-core fiber. (a), (b) Transverse displacement profiles of modes R0,7 and R0,8; (c), (d) F-SBS spectrums measured in the inner core and outer core. The excitation light propagates in the inner core[43]
图 9 保偏光纤中的F-SBS。(a) 实验装置图；(b) 实验结果。红色结果对应快轴激发慢轴探测，黑色结果相反[41]
Figure 9. F-SBS in polarization maintaining fiber. (a) Experimental set-up; (b) Measured F-SBS spectrums. The red trace is measured when the excitation light propagating in the fast axis, and probe in the slow axis; The black trace is measured in the opposite situation[41]
图 12 信号处理过程与实验结果。(a) 测量得到各阶边带光强的空间分布情况；(b) 还原出相位调制随距离的累积情况；(c) 微分得到的分布式相移结果；(d)~(e) 待测光纤置于空气、酒精和水中的测得的分布式F-SBS谱[36]
Figure 12. Distributed F-SBS sensor based on local light phase recovery. (a) Distributed light intensity of 0, +1 and +2-order sidebands; (b) Phase accumulation along the fiber; (c) Distributed phase shift demodulated by differentiation; (d)~(f) Distributed F-SBS spectrums measured when the fiber under test placed in air, ethanol, and water[36]
图 19 分布式光纤直径测量结果[12]。(a) 腐蚀前后解调出的光纤直径及电镜对比；(b) 待测光纤的直径分布；(c) A、B、C、E处截面的电镜图像
Figure 19. Results of distributed diameter measurements[12]. (a) Diameter distribution before and after etching and its comparison with the SEM results (A-F); (b) Diameter variations along the FUT; (c) Representative images of the fiber cross section at A, B, C and E captured by SEM
表 1 常见物质的声阻抗和SMF在其中发生F-SBS的谱宽
Table 1. Acoustic impedance and F-SBS spectrum width of common substances
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