Research progress of Er:ZBLAN fiber lasers at the wavelength of 3 μm

Zhang Xin; Shu Shili; Tong Cunzhu

doi:10.12086/oee.2019.190070

Abstract

Mid-infrared Er:ZBLAN fiber laser emitting at the wavelength of 3 μm is widely used in industry, medicine, military and other fields due to its advantages such as good beam quality, small size, coiling-ability and easy realization. In this paper, the development status of Er:ZBLAN fiber laser is introduced. The technical difficulties encountered in the development of Er:ZBLAN fiber laser are discussed. Moreover, their future development directions are also summarized and prospected. According to the current research situation, it is proposed that multi-stage amplification will be a method to further improve the single laser power of 3 μm Er:ZBLAN fiber laser. In order to breakthrough the power limit of single laser, the integration of single laser and fiber beam combination technology will become a research direction in the future.

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1. 引言

近3 μm波段的中红外激光是良好的大气吸收窗口、热辐射能量集中波段以及水吸收较强区域。在环境监测中，由于CO₂、CH₄和C₂H₆吸收光谱分别为2.8 μm、3.2 μm、3.3 μm，将3 μm波段连续中红外激光应用到有机污染的监测，可以提高测量灵敏度。该波段激光也可用于激光手术，特别是脉冲激光，可作为一种极其精准的切割工具，减小创伤，提高伤口愈合速度。所以近3 μm波段的中红外激光在军事、遥感、激光医疗等领域都有非常重要的应用价值^[1-8]。

本文重点阐述基于Er:ZBLAN光纤实现3 μm中红外激光的技术方法和研究进展，并分析了限制它们输出性能的主要因素，提出未来中红外光纤激光器的发展方向。

目前可以实现该波段激光输出的方法主要包括:掺杂离子直接激发^[9-11]、半导体激光器^[12-13]、非线性频率转换^[14-15]和气体激光器^[16]等。半导体激光器光束质量较差，非线性频率转换的系统较为复杂，光路的调节精度要求较高，气体激光器体积庞大，并且大多数气体具有腐蚀性甚至有毒。而掺杂离子直接激发相对来说就比较简单、安全、且易于实现，特别是光纤的掺杂离子直接激发。与固体材料相比，光纤具有更大的表面积与体积比，利于散热，其特殊的波导结构有利于实现高功率、高光束质量的激光输出。但是，传统石英光纤的声子能量高达1100 cm^-1，在波长超过2.2 μm时的传输损耗非常大，所以不能采用石英光纤来实现3 μm中红外激光输出。由ZrF₄、BaF₂、LaF₃、AlF₃、NaF按一定比例制成的氟化物光纤(ZBLAN光纤)的声子能量仅为550 cm^-1，因此在波长小于6 μm的范围内可实现低损耗传输。目前，Tm³⁺、Ho³⁺、Er³⁺等不同离子掺杂的ZBLAN光纤已经可以实现多种波长的中红外激光输出，其中Ho³⁺、Er³⁺掺杂的ZBLAN光纤激光器可以实现近3 μm波段的激光。然而，由于掺杂离子本身能级性质的约束，Ho³⁺掺杂的ZBLAN光纤激光器需要采用波长为532 nm或者是1100 nm的泵浦光源泵浦才能实现近3 μm的激光输出^[17]。Er掺杂的ZBLAN(Er:ZBLAN)可以采用976 nm半导体激光器直接泵浦，实现近3 μm中红外激光输出。976 nm半导体激光器商业化已经非常成熟，成本低，功率可达到百瓦量级，所以976 nm半导体泵浦Er:ZBLAN光纤是目前实现高光束质量、高功率3 μm激光器输出最有前景的方法。

2. 国内外研究现状

对于Er掺杂材料实现近3 μm激光输出的早期研究并非一帆风顺。其实早在1967年，美国休斯顿实验室就发现了Er材料可以实现3 μm相干辐射特性^[9]，但是由于上能级⁴I_11/2的能级寿命远小于下能级⁴I_13/2的能级寿命，会导致荧光猝灭，这就使得掺Er材料很难实现连续稳定的3 μm波段激光输出。因此在很长一段时间，关于Er掺杂材料实现3 μm激光输出的实验研究一直停滞不前。直到1983年，研究人员才发现，采用高浓度掺杂Er离子可以增强能级上转换(energy-transfer upconversion，EUT)，从而克服这个问题，并提出了掺Er材料实现3 μm波长连续激光器的可能性^[18]，如图 1所示。这为之后实现连续中红外Er:ZBLAN光纤激光输出奠定了良好的基础。

Figure 1. The energy-level scheme of Er [18]. EUT1 and ETU2 are energy-transfer upconversions at 4I13/2 and 4I11/2, respectively

Figure 1. Full-Size Img PowerPoint

The energy-level scheme of Er ^[18]. EUT1 and ETU2 are energy-transfer upconversions at ⁴I_13/2 and ⁴I_11/2, respectively

2.1 连续Er:ZBLAN光纤激光器

相对国外而言，国内在这方面的研究起步较晚，但发展迅速。2012年，中国工程物理研究院黄园芳等人^[22]同样采用空间耦合的方法，实现了2.8 μm波长Er:ZBLAN光纤激光连续输出。但是由于光纤端面处理不当，导致泵浦功率为25 W时，光纤端面出现了损伤，最后输出功率只有2.6 W。2015年，西北核技术研究所的沈炎龙等人^[23]采用类似方法将功率提升至9.2 W。实验装置如图 3(a)所示，采用50 W半导体激光器泵浦高掺杂ZBLAN光纤，光纤的两个端面装配在有特殊设计的紫铜U型槽中。连续工作阈值为1 W，斜率效率为24.8%，光束质量M² < 1.2。从图 3(b)中的功率曲线可以看出，当泵浦功率超过35 W时，斜率效率下降到18.2%。当泵浦功率继续升高到40 W左右的时候，光纤端面的损伤开始出现，输出功率达到最大值9.2 W，对应的光谱宽度约为4.2 nm。

以上研究发现，在高功率泵浦下，光纤会产生大量的热量，如果不及时的将这些热量散去，将会直接影响光纤光学性能，甚至导致光纤端面的损伤。并且伊朗K. N.图斯工业大学的Ashoor等人^[24]根据热稳态方程建立了三维ZBLAN光纤热量分布模型，从理论上也证明了主动散热可以有效地提升ZBLAN光纤的损伤阈值。而传统光纤散热方法是将光纤放在有光纤槽的水冷板上，通过固体金属传导冷却对其进行散热。但是由于光纤很难与光纤槽完全接触，这使得光纤散热效果不好。为此，日本京都大学的Shigeki Tokita等人^[25]提出液体散热法，将3 μm波长Er:ZBLAN的光纤激光器功率提升至24 W。其实验装置如图 4所示，整个ZBLAN光纤被浸泡在碳氟化物液体中，通过液体循环将温度控制在20 ℃。在水冷槽中开两个厚约为1 mm的CaF₂窗口，两个光纤端面与窗口紧密接触。采用双端泵浦的方式，实现光-光转化效率14.5%。从功率曲线可以看出，其激光输出功率还没有达到饱和，如果进一步提升泵浦功率，激光功率还会进一步得到提高。这是目前空间耦合3 μm波长Er:ZBLAN光纤激光器实现的最高功率。该实验充分地证明了对ZBLAN光纤进行有效的散热可以提高其输出功率。

Figure 5. Full-Size Img PowerPoint

Diagram of Er:ZBLAN all fiber laser with a FBG reflector^[27]

采用空间耦合方法的缺点是光纤端面易损伤，系统不稳定且耦合效率不高。为了克服这些缺点，加拿大拉瓦尔大学提出采用全光纤结构实现3 μm波长Er:ZBLAN光纤激光输出，不仅可以提高泵浦光的耦合效率，还可以有效地防护光纤端面，提高激光系统的稳定性，同时也能降低激光输出的线宽。2007年，加拿大拉瓦尔大学基于在光纤光栅制备上的经验，采用800 nm的飞秒激光首次在ZBLAN光纤上刻蚀光栅结构^[26]，两年后，他们将其应用在Er:ZBLAN的光纤激光上，实现了近3 μm波段全光纤激光输出^[27]。实验装置如图 5所示，主要包括6个6 W的976 nm半导体泵浦源、7×1泵浦合束器、7 m长的双包层Er:ZBLAN光纤、准直镜和泵浦滤光片。泵浦源与光纤之间采用直接耦合，耦合效率为84%。在光纤泵浦端刻上光纤光栅，作为腔内的反射镜，光纤的另一端作为输出耦合镜(反射率~4%)，最终实现了5 W、波长2.82 μm、线宽约0.1 nm的全光纤激光输出。

Figure 3. The structure diagram of 10 W mid-infrared laser and power curve[23]. (a) Schematic of mid-infrared laser; (b) Power curve of the mid-infrared laser

Figure 3. Full-Size Img PowerPoint

The structure diagram of 10 W mid-infrared laser and power curve^[23]. (a) Schematic of mid-infrared laser; (b) Power curve of the mid-infrared laser

Figure 6. Full-Size Img PowerPoint

Structure diagram of 30 W all-fiber mid-infrared laser^[28]

Figure 4. Full-Size Img PowerPoint

The structure diagram of liquid-cooled double-ended pump mid-infrared laser^[25]

通过以上分析可以发现，在实现近3 μm波段Er:ZBLAN光纤激光连续输出的两种方法中，空间耦合是目前普遍采用的方法。这种方法不需要ZBLAN光纤光栅，实现起来比较容易。但是这种方法要想提高功率，不仅要做好散热，还要处理并保护好光纤端面，避免造成端面损伤。相比而言，全光纤结构就不需要考虑光纤端面保护的问题，并且耦合效率要高于空间耦合的方法。但是，据报道的资料来看，目前只有拉瓦尔大学能够实现在ZBLAN光纤上刻光栅，所以要想实现全光纤Er:ZBLAN的光纤激光器，就得加快对相应光纤器件制备的研究。

首次采用Er:ZBLAN光纤实现近3 μm波段激光连续输出的是法国国家通信中心的Allain等人^[19]。他们采用的泵浦源的波长是476.5 nm，获得波长为2.71 μm的中红外连续激光。虽然功率只有250 μW，但是这在当时已经引起很多研究人员的关注。之后，基于Er:ZBLAN的光纤激光器的研究报道便相继展开。当时限制其功率提升的因素主要包含三个方面：一是半导体激光技术还不是很成熟、功率不高；二是半导体激光泵浦光纤的耦合效率不高；三是ZBLAN光纤的制备技术不够完善，成本较高，而且制备的ZBLAN光纤不稳定，易潮解。

随着半导体激光器功率的不断提升，光束整形技术的不断完善以及双包层光纤泵浦技术的提出，3 μm波长Er:ZBLAN的光纤激光器的功率也得到了大幅度的提升。2007年，美国新墨西哥大学Zhu等人^[20]实现了瓦级3 μm波长Er:ZBLAN的光纤激光器。其实验装置示意图如图 2所示，采用的是空间耦合的方法，主要包括975 nm的半导体激光器、掺杂浓度为6%的双包层ZBLAN光纤、双色镜、滤光片和闪耀角为54°的闪耀光栅。将光纤两端切成斜八度角，以防止端面反射引起的内部激光震荡。采用600线/mm的镀金闪耀光栅作为腔内反馈镜，通过光栅调节实现输出波长调节，调节范围可以达到20 nm。并且采用自制的法布里珀罗干涉仪，测得其线宽为1.27 GHz。考虑到泵浦端光纤的热效应对光纤端面损伤阈值和整个激光器稳定性的影响，该课题组采用了主动水冷的方式对ZBLAN光纤进行冷却，并在同年将3 μm波长Er:ZBLAN的光纤激光器的功率提升到9 W^[21]。

Figure 2. Full-Size Img PowerPoint

The schematic of 2 W tunable laser^[20]

由于当时采用的氟化物光纤的芯径只有8 μm，包层直径也只有135 μm，并且泵浦功率也只有36 W，限制了功率的提升。之后，他们采用芯径为16 μm，包层直径为240 μm的氟化物光纤，泵浦功率也提升至74.3 W，并且采用熔接方式，将泵浦源和光纤光栅以及光纤光栅和ZBLAN光纤连接在一起。为了减小热量对系统稳定性的影响，采用了主动水冷的方式散热，最终将功率提升至20.6 W。2015年，他们再次刷新纪录，将功率提升至30 W^[28]。其实验装置如图 6所示，将光纤两端分别熔接上R > 99%和R=15%的光纤光栅作为谐振腔的反射镜和输出耦合镜。在输出端光纤侧面涂上一层高折射率的有机物，将残余的泵浦光滤掉，端面熔接一段AlF₃作为端冒，缓解光纤潮解速度，提高激光器的稳定性。2018年，他们基于之前全光纤结构，采用双端泵浦的方式，减轻光纤端面的热量负载，将功率又一次的提升至41.6 W^[29]。这是是迄今为止Er:ZBLAN光纤在近3 μm波段获得的最高功率。

2.2 脉冲Er:ZBLAN光纤激光器

2011年，日本东京大学Shigeki Tokita等人^[34]将AOM放置到谐振腔内，实现腔内储能调Q，使得脉冲的峰值功率提升至0.9 kW。2017年，沈炎龙等人优化了机械调Q的方法将峰值功率再次提升至1.6 kW。实验装置示意图如图 7所示^[35]，主要包括：975 nm半导体泵浦激光光源、光纤耦合系统、45°双色镜、Er:ZBLAN光纤、机械调Q开关、光栅和金镜。采用金镜和闪耀光栅作为Er:ZBLAN光纤激光器谐振腔一端的反馈镜，相比于金镜，光栅作为反馈不仅可以大幅度提升线宽，还可将调Q脉冲的峰值功率由1 kW提高到1.6 kW。

近年来，各种新型可饱和吸收体被尝试用于光纤激光器锁模^[48-52]，但是由于吸收带一般被限制在近红外和2 μm左右的中红外波段，很难实现近3 μm波段的锁模。而石墨烯具有零带隙的独特结构，理论上可以实现任何波长的吸收作用。2016年，美国亚利桑那大学的Zhu等人^[50]就利用多层石墨烯实现了2.8 μm波长Er:ZBLAN光纤激光器锁模。相比于单层石墨烯，多层石墨烯的线性吸收可以达到12%，调制深度可以达到10%，易于实现近3 μm波段的光纤锁模。其实验装置如图 9所示，主要包括，带尾纤的半导体激光器、准直镜和耦合镜、Er:ZBLAN光纤、镀有石墨烯的金镜、双色镜和滤波器，最终实现42 ps脉冲激光器，对应的重复频率为25.4 MHz，信噪比为45 dB。除了石墨烯，其它可饱和吸收材料，如黑磷和SESAM也被尝试用于3 μm Er:ZBLAN光纤激光器锁模。黑磷锁模的信噪比可以达到60 dB，而SESAM锁模的信噪比一般在50 dB左右。

波长/μm	主动/被动	调制装置	脉冲宽度/ns	平均功率/W	重复频率/kHz	脉冲能量/μJ	年，参考文献
2.8	主动	AOM	90	12	120	100	2011, 文献[34]
2.78	被动	石墨烯	2900	0.062	37	1.67	2013, 文献[39]
2.8	被动	石墨烯	400	0.38	59	6.4	2013, 文献[40]
2.8	被动	黑磷	1180	0.485	63	7.7	2015, 文献[41]
2.795	被动	SESAM	315	1.01	146.3	6.9	2016, 文献[36]
2.78	被动	Fe²⁺:ZnSe	742	0.822	102.94	7.98	2016, 文献[37]
2.8	被动	Bi₂Te₃拓扑体	1300	0.856	92	9.3	2016, 文献[38]
2.78	主动	机械调Q	127.3	1.3	10	130	2017, 文献[35]
2.78	被动	Fe²⁺:ZnSe	430	0.873	160.82	5.43	2018, 文献[42]
2.8	被动	Gold nanostar	536	0.454	125	3.6	2018, 文献[43]
2.8	被动	MoS₂	806	0.14	70	2	2019, 文献[44]

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与主动调Q激光器相比，被动调Q激光器可由激光辐射自动启动，不需要高压、快速光电驱动器或射频调制器，具有设计简单，体积小，成本低等优势。像半导体可饱和吸收镜(SESAM)、石墨烯、碳纳米管、二维拓扑材料、黑鳞等都可以作为可饱和吸收体，实现3 μm波长Er:ZBLAN光纤激光被动调Q。2016年，沈炎龙等人采用SESAM作为腔内调节元件，实现3 μm波长Er:ZBLAN光纤激光被动调Q^[36]，重频为146.4 kHz时，平均功率达到1.01 W。四川大学王涛等人^[37]将脉冲激光沉积法制备的Fe²⁺:ZnSe作为可饱和吸收体，实现Er:ZBLAN光纤激光器被动调Q，重频为102.94 kHz时，平均功率达到822 mW。湖南大学报道了采用Bi₂Te₃拓扑体实现被动调Q，重频为92 kHz时平均功率达到856 mW^[38]。

近几年3 μm波长的脉冲激光器受到了研究人员的关注，特别是在医疗和特殊材料加工等领域。如何获得大能量、高峰值功率的脉冲激光成为3 μm波长激光器的研究热点。目前实现脉冲激光的技术主要有调Q和锁模^[30-31]。调Q技术相对锁模来说更容易实现，脉冲宽度可以达到ns量级，而锁模可以达到fs量级。但是一般锁模激光器的单脉冲能量都比较低，需要后续的放大来提升单脉冲能量。

波长/μm	可饱和吸收体	脉冲能量/nJ	脉冲宽度/ps	平均功率/mW	峰值功率/kW	重复频率/MHz	年，参考文献
2.8	NPE	0.8	0.207	44	3.5	55.2	2015, 文献[46]
2.8	SESAM	44.3	25	1000	1.86	22.56	2015, 文献[48]
2.8	黑鳞	25.5	42	613	0.608	24	2015, 文献[49]
2.8	NPE	3.62	0.497	206	6.4	56.7	2015, 文献[47]
2.8	石墨烯	0.7	42	18	0.017	25.4	2016, 文献[50]
2.777	SESAM	7	6.4	200	1.1	28.9	2017, 文献[51]

CSV Show Table

从目前研究报道来看，实现Er:ZBLAN光纤激光器被动锁模主要就是采用NPE和可饱和吸收体。NPE的方法可以实现孤子锁模，脉冲可以达到飞秒量级。但是光路调节精度要求较高，并且需要精确控制系统中的色散和非线性效应。而可饱和吸收体易于实现锁模，并且已成功实现低功率近红外光纤激光器的工业化应用。但是可饱和吸收体的损失阈值较低，只能用于低功率光纤激光器的锁模。

Figure 8. Full-Size Img PowerPoint

Structure diagram of NPE mode locked Er:ZBLAN fiber laser^[46]

Figure 9. Full-Size Img PowerPoint

Diagram of mode locked Er:ZBLAN fiber laser using multi-layer grapheme as saturable absorber^[50]

Figure 7. Full-Size Img PowerPoint

The structure diagram of mechanical Q-switched Er:ZBLAN fiber laser^[35]

调Q的基本原理是通过某种方法使谐振腔的Q值(损耗因子)按照规定的程序变化。Q值改变影响激光器阈值的变化，最终形成脉冲激光输出。调Q分为主动调Q和被动调Q^[32]，主动调Q一般采用机械旋转、声光(AOM)或电光(EOM)调制器来调节腔内的损耗。被动调Q一般采用可饱和吸收体，利用其饱和吸收效应控制谐振腔中的损耗。1994年，布伦瑞克工业大学的Frerchs等人首次尝试Er:ZBLAN光纤激光器调Q时，分别采用AOM外腔调Q和旋转镜调Q两种调Q方法，虽然最大峰值功率只有2.2 W，但是从此拉开了脉冲Er:ZBLAN光纤激光器的研究序幕^[33]。表 1总结了近几年3 μm波段Er:ZBLAN光纤调Q激光器的研究情况。从表中可以看出被动调Q的单脉冲能量要比主动调Q的低，主要原因是被动调Q单脉冲能量受到可饱和吸收体损伤阈值的限制。

由于近3 μm波段锁模器件和高速探测器的限制，中红外波段的锁模相对调Q起步较晚。直到2015年，加拿大拉瓦尔大学的Simon Duval等人采用NPE方法首次实现Er:ZBLAN光纤激光器的孤子锁模^[46]。实验装置如图 8所示，主要包括976 nm半导体泵浦源、3 m长Er:ZBLAN光纤、光隔离器、双色镜、半波片和1/4波片。双色镜在980 nm波长高透，在2800 nm波长的反射率为66%。激光经过半波片和光隔离器后，变成线偏振光，线偏振光经过1/4波片变成圆偏振光，即两个相位差π/2的线偏振光叠加而成。考虑到自相位调制和交叉相位调制会使两束偏振光在光纤中传输时产生不同的非线性相移，因此光脉冲的不同部位会积累不同的非线性量。合成偏振态时，不同部分积累的非线性量就会产生不同的偏转。再通过半波片和光隔离器时，只有脉冲中心峰值功率高的一部分通过，使得脉冲得到窄化，最终实现207 fs的脉冲激光输出，峰值功率为3.5 kW。同年，悉尼大学采用同样的方法，将峰值功率提升至6.4 kW，重复频率为57.6 MHz，信噪比可以达到73 dB^[47]。

实现近3 μm波段Er:ZBLAN的光纤激光器脉冲工作的两种技术各有优缺点。调Q技术相对容易实现，脉冲稳定性好，受外界干扰小，单脉冲能量较高，一般在μJ量级，非常适合工程化应用。但是调Q能实现的脉冲宽度最小只能达到纳秒量级，某些特殊应用，如激光手术以及超短脉冲冷加工等，就需要采用飞秒激光器。而锁模技术可以实现飞秒激光输出，由于脉冲宽度很窄，峰值功率很高，但相对而言单脉冲能量还不高，一般在nJ量级。

调Q可以实现的脉冲宽度一般在纳秒量级，如果要想实现更窄的脉冲宽度，比如皮秒或者飞秒量级的脉冲就需要采用锁模技术。光纤锁模一般包括：可饱和吸收体锁模、非线性偏振变化(nonlinear polarization evolution，NPE)锁模、非线性光纤环形镜锁模。2016年，中国工程物理研究院王少奇等人基于非线性薛定谔方程建立了ZBLAN光纤激光器产生超短脉冲的理论模型，分析了腔内净色散和小信号增益系数对锁模脉冲的影响，为ZBLAN光纤激光器的实验研究奠定基础^[45]。表 2总结了近些年3 μm波段Er:ZBLAN光纤锁模激光器研究情况。

3. 总结与展望

调Q和锁模技术是实现脉冲Er:ZBLAN光纤激光器两种常用的技术手段。调Q可以实现高能量，纳秒量级的激光脉冲；锁模可以实现高峰值功率，飞秒量级的激光脉冲。但是锁模脉冲的单脉冲能量一般在nJ量级，在应用上受到很大限制。为了提高单脉冲能量，一般会采用多级脉冲放大来提高单脉冲能量，但是目前鲜有报道采用多级放大的脉冲Er:ZBLAN光纤激光器，这将会成为未来实现大能量中红外飞秒激光器的最佳选择之一。由于光纤本身性质的限制，单路光纤激光器必然会达到功率的极限，光纤合束也将会成为脉冲Er:ZBLAN光纤激光器未来的一个发展方向。

3 μm波长Er:ZBLAN光纤激光器具有体积小、便于集成、光束质量好等诸多优点而备受关注。随着中红外激光器应用领域的不断拓展，对激光器指标的要求也是逐步升高。对于连续Er:ZBLAN光纤激光器，主要采用空间耦合和全光纤结构两种方法来实现。全光纤结构的功率可达41.6 W，这也是目前报道的最高值。但是这种方法对光纤器件的要求较高，需要具备一定的光纤器件制备基础。而空间耦合是最常用的方法，目前可实现的最高功率为24 W，但是这种方法的缺点是容易造成光纤端面损伤，所以光纤端面需要防护和散热。在之后的研究中要想进一步提高3 μm波长Er:ZBLAN光纤激光器功率，应从以下几个方面入手：一是散热问题。因为直接采用980 nm半导体激光泵浦产生3 μm的中红外激光器的量子亏损热(quantum defect)接近70%，大部分能量转换为热量，如果不及时散热很容易造成光纤的损伤；二是氟化物光纤器件的研发。如果氟化物光纤合束器、波分复用器、光纤光栅等光纤器件的成熟，将会大大促进全光纤结构氟化物光纤激光器的实现；三是可以将3 μm波长Er:ZBLAN光纤激光器和其他激光技术融合，例如：采用激光合束技术，进一步提升功率，优化性能参数。

综上所述，无论是连续的Er:ZBLAN光纤激光器还是脉冲的Er:ZBLAN光纤激光器，单路功率提升还有很大的空间。特别是脉冲Er:ZBLAN光纤激光器，多级放大将会大幅度地提升单路功率。为了突破单路激光的极限，光纤激光合束也将会成为实现更高功率3 μm波长Er:ZBLAN光纤激光输出的有效方法之一。

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3.	任国川，姚传飞，李平雪. 3.5μm Er ∶ZBLAN光纤激光器及放大器数值仿真. 激光与红外. 2024(10): 1526-1533 .
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- Zhang Xin, zhang315xin@ciomp.ac.cn On this Site On Google Scholar
- Corresponding author: Shu Shili, shushili@ciomp.ac.cn On this Site On Google Scholar
  Shu Shili, E-mail:shushili@ciomp.ac.cn
- Tong Cunzhu On this Site On Google Scholar

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DOI: 10.12086/oee.2019.190070

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Zhang Xin, Shu Shili, Tong Cunzhu. Research progress of Er:ZBLAN fiber lasers at the wavelength of 3 μm. Opto-Electronic Engineering 46, 190070 (2019). DOI: 10.12086/oee.2019.190070

Zhang Xin, Shu Shili, Tong Cunzhu. Research progress of Er:ZBLAN fiber lasers at the wavelength of 3 μm. Opto-Electronic Engineering 46, 190070 (2019). DOI: 10.12086/oee.2019.190070

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- Received Date February 20, 2019
- Revised Date May 19, 2019
- Published Date July 31, 2019
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波长/μm	主动/被动	调制装置	脉冲宽度/ns	平均功率/W	重复频率/kHz	脉冲能量/μJ	年，参考文献
2.8	主动	AOM	90	12	120	100	2011, 文献[34]
2.78	被动	石墨烯	2900	0.062	37	1.67	2013, 文献[39]
2.8	被动	石墨烯	400	0.38	59	6.4	2013, 文献[40]
2.8	被动	黑磷	1180	0.485	63	7.7	2015, 文献[41]
2.795	被动	SESAM	315	1.01	146.3	6.9	2016, 文献[36]
2.78	被动	Fe²⁺:ZnSe	742	0.822	102.94	7.98	2016, 文献[37]
2.8	被动	Bi₂Te₃拓扑体	1300	0.856	92	9.3	2016, 文献[38]
2.78	主动	机械调Q	127.3	1.3	10	130	2017, 文献[35]
2.78	被动	Fe²⁺:ZnSe	430	0.873	160.82	5.43	2018, 文献[42]
2.8	被动	Gold nanostar	536	0.454	125	3.6	2018, 文献[43]
2.8	被动	MoS₂	806	0.14	70	2	2019, 文献[44]

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波长/μm	可饱和吸收体	脉冲能量/nJ	脉冲宽度/ps	平均功率/mW	峰值功率/kW	重复频率/MHz	年，参考文献
2.8	NPE	0.8	0.207	44	3.5	55.2	2015, 文献[46]
2.8	SESAM	44.3	25	1000	1.86	22.56	2015, 文献[48]
2.8	黑鳞	25.5	42	613	0.608	24	2015, 文献[49]
2.8	NPE	3.62	0.497	206	6.4	56.7	2015, 文献[47]
2.8	石墨烯	0.7	42	18	0.017	25.4	2016, 文献[50]
2.777	SESAM	7	6.4	200	1.1	28.9	2017, 文献[51]

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Research progress of Er:ZBLAN fiber lasers at the wavelength of 3 μm

Abstract

Keywords

1. 引言

2. 国内外研究现状

2.1 连续Er:ZBLAN光纤激光器

2.2 脉冲Er:ZBLAN光纤激光器

3. 总结与展望

References

Cited by

Periodical cited type(5)

Other cited types(6)

Author Information

Zhang Xin, zhang315xin@ciomp.ac.cn On this Site On Google Scholar

Corresponding author: Shu Shili, shushili@ciomp.ac.cn On this Site On Google Scholar

Tong Cunzhu On this Site On Google Scholar

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Research progress of Er:ZBLAN fiber lasers at the wavelength of 3 μm

Abstract

Keywords

1. 引言

2. 国内外研究现状

2.1 连续Er:ZBLAN光纤激光器

2.2 脉冲Er:ZBLAN光纤激光器

3. 总结与展望

References

Cited by

Periodical cited type(5)

Other cited types(6)

Author Information

Zhang Xin, zhang315xin@ciomp.ac.cn On this SiteOn Google Scholar

Corresponding author: Shu Shili, shushili@ciomp.ac.cn On this SiteOn Google Scholar

Tong Cunzhu On this SiteOn Google Scholar

Copyright

About this Article

Cite this Article

Article History

Article Metrics

Related Articles

Links

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Catalog

Tong Cunzhu

Manuscript Submission

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Content

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Zhang Xin, zhang315xin@ciomp.ac.cn On this Site On Google Scholar

Corresponding author: Shu Shili, shushili@ciomp.ac.cn On this Site On Google Scholar

Tong Cunzhu On this Site On Google Scholar