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Colloidal photonic crystal modified optical fiber and relative humidity detection application
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摘要:
本文提出了一种用胶体光子晶体来装饰单模光纤装饰端面的方法，并说明了这种结构用于相对湿度传感器的原理。研究了用垂直沉积法在光纤端面制备PS(polystyrene)胶体晶体、复合胶体晶体和SiO2反蛋白石(inverse opal)的技术，用扫描电子显微镜表征了制备得到的胶体晶体及反蛋白石，测量了端面被胶体晶体修饰光纤的反射光谱，并测试了光纤端面复合光子晶体的相对湿度传感特性。提出了一种毛细管-光纤结构，提高了生长在光纤端面处胶体晶体的质量和其机械稳定性。
Abstract:This paper propose a route to decorated end facet of single mode optical fibers with colloidal photonic crystals and present the principle for this structure to be used as relative humidity sensing. The approaches of preparing PS colloidal crystals, composite colloidal crystals, and SiO2 inverse opals on the end faces of optical fibers by vertical deposition was studied. The prepared colloidal crystals and inverse opal were structurally characterized, and the reflection spectra of the photonic crystals-modified microstructure optical fibers was measured. The relative humidity sensing characteristics of composite photonic crystals decorated microstructure optical fibers were tested. Finally, a capillary-fiber structure was proposed to improve the quality and mechanical stability of the colloidal crystals fabricated on the fiber endfaces.
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Overview: Photonic crystals have been widely used in sensing, information processing and optical devices since they can manipulate light in the wavelength scale by periodic refractive index distributions, which can also be called optical band gaps. In addition, optical fibers are flexible miniature optical waveguides. Therefore, the combination of photonic crystals and optical fibers could form a miniature sensing platform on fiber, named lab on fiber. In this paper, self-assembly method was applied to fabricated colloidal photonic crystals on optical fiber end facets. Polystyrene opal film, silica inverse opal film and composite opal film are successfully produced on a single optical fiber end facet. Film quality was characterized by SEM and reflection spectra through the other end of optical fiber. Cracks and limited layers of colloidal photonic crystals were observed on the single optical fiber end facet. To increase the photonic crystal film quality, an optimized structure, a capillary ferruled on one end of the fiber and a formed large flat surface, was employed in the fabrication process. As a result, high quality colloidal photonic crystal on the fiber end facet was obtained which is confirmed by optical reflection spectra. Moreover, the produce film stick more firmly on the fiber end facet compared to that on a single optical fiber. Principles of the colloidal photonic crystal film as sensing materials are discussed. Bragg reflection as well as effective refractive index theory was employed to describe the band gap shift of colloidal photonic crystal. A relatively large effective refractive index change or large lattice distance, or both of them will results in a large sensitivity of the colloidal photonic crystal.
Composite photonic crystal on fiber end facet as relative humidity sensor are demonstrated. The sensing mechanism is that silica gel infiltrated in polystyrene spheres can absorb water molecular in high relative humidity, and the water in the silica gel network will evaporate when relative humidity decrease. As a result, the fabricated composite photonic crystal film is sensitive to relative humidity in a range from 12%~86%. A sensitivity of 0.133 nm for reflectance peak at 900 nm wavelength is experimentally demonstrated. When the relative humidity is larger than 86%, reflectance peak of the composite photonic crystal film does not shift obviously due to a saturated absorption of water of the silica gel. As a conclusion, colloidal photonic crystal on optical fiber end facet can be fabricated and could form a platform for optical sensing or analyzing.
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图 1 光纤端面生长胶体晶体的示意图
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the growth of colloidal crystals on the fiber end face
图 2 光纤-毛细管结构。(a)光纤-毛细管侧面；(b)光纤-毛细管正面(端面)
Figure 2. Schematic diagram of fiber-capillary structure. (a) Side view; (b) Front view
图 3 端面由胶体晶体修饰的光纤的反射光谱测量示意图
Figure 3. Schematic diagram of reflection spectra measurement set up for colloidal crystal decorated optical fibers
图 4 扫描电子显微镜下PS照片。(a)~(b)光纤端面的PS胶体晶体SEM照片；(c)~(d)光纤-毛细管端面的PS胶体晶体SEM照片
Figure 4. SEM images of PS colloidal crystals. (a)~(b) SEM images of PS colloidal crystals on a single optical fiber end facet; (c)~(d) SEM images of PS colloidal crystals on a fiber-capillary structure end facet
图 5 光纤和光纤-毛细管端面胶体晶体的反射光谱
Figure 5. Reflection spectra of PS colloidal crystals prepared on single mode optical fiber (blue line) and fiber-capillary end facet (red line)
图 6 SiO2反蛋白石SEM照片。(a)~(b)光纤端面的SiO2反蛋白石SEM照片；(c)~(d)光纤-毛细管端面的SiO2反蛋白石SEM照片；(e)~(f)复合光子晶体修饰的光纤端面
Figure 6. SEM images of SiO2 Inverse Opal. (a)~(b) SEM images of SiO2 Inverse Opal on a single optical fiber end facet; (c)~(d) SEM images of SiO2 Inverse Opal on fiber-capillary structure; (e)~(f) SEM images of composite photonic crystals on a single optical fiber end facet
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