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摘要
为了满足自适应光学技术更广泛的应用需求，针对传统变形镜体积大、成本高的问题，本文研制了基于微机电系统技术的MEMS变形镜并进行了实验测试。本文研制的变形镜共有140个六边形平行板电容静电驱动器，驱动器为12×12正方形排列，间距400 μm。采用表面MEMS工艺加工了变形镜样品，并利用陶瓷PGA管壳和石英玻璃盖板对样品进行了封装，同时还研制了与之配套的小型化多通道高压驱动电源。测试结果表明，该变形镜表面PV值411 nm，RMS值78 nm，在600 nm到900 nm波段的反射率接近80%，行程1.8 μm，交连值约15%，工作带宽13 kHz，阶跃响应时间23 μs，具有体积小、成本低、响应快等优势。除了进行了单元性能的测试之外，还开环控制变形镜进行了Zernike像差的拟合测试，验证了变形镜的校正能力。结果表明，该变形镜能初步满足自适应光学系统的应用需求。
Abstract
For satisfying the boarder application requirement of adaptive optics (AO) and solving the problem of large volume and high cost of conventional deformable mirrors (DM), micro DM based on micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) technology is developed and measured. The developed DM has 140 hexagonal parallel plate capacitor electrostatic actuators. The actuators are arranged as a square array and the pitch is 400 μm. A DM prototype is fabricated by MEMS surface micromachining process and packaged by a ceramic pin grid array (CPGA). A miniaturization multi-channel high voltage driver for the DM is developed too. The measurement results show that the prototype has a surface PV value of 411 nm, RMS value of 78 nm, reflectivity of about 80% in 600 nm to 900 nm wavelength, stroke of 1.8 μm, actuator coupling of 15%, working bandwidth of 13 kHz and step response time of 23 μs. Thus the DM has the advantages of small volume, low cost and fast response. Besides the measurement of single element, the whole DM is controlled open loop to fit Zernike aberration and its fitting capability is demonstrated. Above results indicate that the DM prototype can satisfy initially the requirement of AO system.
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Key words:
- MEMS /
- deformable mirror /
- adaptive optics /
- electrostatic actuator
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Overview
Overview: Adaptive optics (AO) technology is an important method to compensate optical wavefront aberration caused by atmosphere turbulence and deformable mirror (DM), whose surface can be tuned dynamically, is one of its key components. For satisfying the boarder application requirement of AO technology and solving the problem of large volume and high cost of conventional piezoelectric DMs, micro DM based on micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) technology is developed and measured. Due to its low power consumption, zero hysteresis, and good integrated circuit (IC) compatibility, parallel plate capacitor electrostatic actuator is adopted to actuate the MEMS DM. The developed DM has 140 hexagonal parallel plate actuators, which has a larger stroke and higher frequency when compared to square parallel plate actuators. The stroke, pull-in voltage, one order natural frequency, and Euler critical stress of the actuator are simulated and compared by finite element analysis (FEA). The actuators are arranged as a 12×12 square array and the pitch is 400 μm. The facesheet of the DM is a continuous square membrane with an area of 4.4 mm×4.4 mm. A DM prototype is fabricated by MEMS surface micromachining process. The material for structural layer and sacrificial layer of the process are polysilicon and phosphosilicate glass (PSG), respectively. The whole process includes three structural layers and two sacrificial layers. The three structural layers are the lower electrode, the upper electrode and the facesheet, respectively. The fabricated DM prototype is packaged by a ceramic pin grid array (CPGA) and a quartz glass lid. A miniaturization multichannel high voltage driver for the DM is developed at the same time. The optical and electromechanical, including static and dynamic, performances of the prototype are measured by a Zygo NewView 7300 noncontact white light profiler. The measurement results show that the prototype has a surface PV value of 411 nm, RMS value of 78 nm, reflectivity of about 80% in 600 nm to 900 nm wavelength, stroke of 1.8 μm, actuator coupling of 15%, working bandwidth of 13 kHz and step response time of 23 μs. Thus the DM has the advantages of small volume, low cost and fast response. Besides the measurement of single element, the whole DM is controlled open loop to fit Zernike aberration and its fitting capability is demonstrated. Above results indicate that the DM prototype can satisfy preliminarily the requirement of AO system and promote its applications in civil market, such as ophthalmoscope and free space optical communication.
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图 1 六边形静电平行板驱动器和镜面
Figure 1. Hexagonal electrostatic parallel plate actuator and facesheet
图 4 (a) 封装后的MEMS变形镜；(b) 192路高速驱动电源；(c)变形镜样机照片
Figure 4. (a) The MEMS DM after package; (b) 192-channel high speed driver; (c) The photograph of the DM prototype
图 5 (a) 表面轮廓测试结果；(b)反射率测试曲线
Figure 5. (a) Measured surface profile; (b) Test curve of reflectivity
图 6 (a) 行程测试结果；(b)表面变形截面图
Figure 6. (a) Measured stroke; (b) The cross section of deformed surface
图 8 开环拟合第3项至第65项Zernike像差
Figure 8. Open loop fitting of the 3rd to 65th term Zernike aberation
图 9 变形镜拟合部分图案的表面轮廓和干涉条纹
Figure 9. The surface profile and interference fringe of some patterns fitted by the DM
表 1 六边形驱动器和四边形驱动器的性能对比
Table 1. Performance comparison of hexagonal fixed beam actuator and square fixed beam actuator
六边形 四边形 行程/μm 0.84 0.68 吸合电压/V 43 36 一阶固有频率/kHz 239.4 197.5 临界应力/Mpa -34 -30 
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