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摘要
综述了自适应光学技术在星地激光通信地面站上应用的最新进展。针对星地链路中湍流效应导致的相干度退化和可用度降低的问题，自适应光学技术成为美国和欧洲等国正在研制的中继卫星至地光通信系统解决上述问题的主导手段。这些项目计划开展的自适应光学技术、白天和夜晚多地面站接收技术和相干通信技术等关键技术验证表明，星地激光通信正向高速相干和全天时高可用度的工程化推进。国内成功进行了多次星地光通信试验，高可用度的相干激光通信技术的验证正在积极开展，自适应光学技术已应用到多个地面站并取得了较好的初步试验效果，相关技术进展与国外水平保持一致。
Abstract
The advance of satellite to ground laser communication station using adaptive optics (AO) is summarized. Adaptive optics is the dominant technology to solve the atmosphere induced coherence degradation and availability reduction in the USA and Europe researching relay satellites. Key technologies, such as adaptive optics, muti-ground station receiving in day and night, and coherent communication are planned to test in these projects. It indicates that the satellite to ground laser communication is advancing to the engineering application with high date rate coherence and round-the-clock high availability. Several satellite to ground laser communication experiments have been successfully carried out in domestic, and the high availability coherent laser communication test is in progress. Adaptive optics technology has been applied in several ground stations and pretty results are obtained in the preliminary experiment. The related technology progress keeps in the same level with the foreign countries.
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Key words:
- adaptive optics /
- laser communication /
- ground station
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Overview
Overview: The advance of satellite to ground laser communication station using adaptive optics (AO) is summarized. Adaptive optics is the dominant technology to solve the atmosphere induced coherence degradation and availability reduction in the America and Europe researching relay satellites. Key technologies, such as adaptive optics, muti-ground station receiving in day and night, and coherent communication are planned to test in these projects. It indicates that the satellite to ground laser communication is advancing to the engineering application with high date rate coherence and round-the-clock high availability. According to these system designs, it can be found that the laser communication AO system has many new challenges over the astronomical AO system, such as day and night wavefront correction, high fiber coupling efficiency, high velocity and low elevation angle tracking. Meanwhile, the laser communication AO system needs to pay more attention on the instantaneous and statistical property of the corrected facula strehl ratio (SR) because of the high data rate. For these reasons, high spatial resolution deformable mirror (DM) and close loop bandwidth are required for the laser communication AO system. Two deformable mirrors with actuators 12×12 and 32×32 are used for low and high spatial resolution correction in the America laser communication relay demonstration (LCRD) project, and the wavefront sensor frame rate is about 10 kHz. The AO system can provide high precision tracking and wavefront correction for more than 50% fiber coupling efficiency at the elevation angle of 20°.
Several satellite to ground laser communication experiments have been successfully carried out in domestic, and the high availability coherent laser communication test is in progress. Adaptive optics technology has been applied in several ground stations in the key laboratory on adaptive optics of Chinese Academy of Sciences. A Φ0.6 m telescope with 145 actuators AO and a Φ1.8 m telescope with 357 actuators AO for laser communication have been established. Free space coherent laser communication has been carried out using the Φ0.6 m ground station in a > 0.5 km horizontal link and pretty results are obtained in the preliminary experiment. The results show that the mean fiber coupling power is about -42.3 dBm when the AO is closed, and 7.4 dB power gain is obtained compared with the AO open loop. The communication bit error decreases from 10-3 to 10-6 and the eye patterns are open when the AO is closed. The coherent laser communication system with AO can achieve low bit error (< 10-6) and high data rate (> 5 Gb/s) in the moderate atmospheric turbulence.
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图 5 AO单元的结构。(a) AO光路图；(b) 137单元连续面形变形镜；(c)波前探测器光斑
Figure 5. Structure of the experimental AO unit. (a) The light path of the AO unit; (b) Photo of the 137-element continuous surface deformable mirror; (c) Image of the wavefront sensor
图 6 通信速率5 Gb/s下眼图和误码率。(a) AO开环(09:50 am)；(b) AO闭环(09:50 am)；(c) AO开环和闭环误码率
Figure 6. The eye patterns and BER at 5 Gb/s. (a) Without AO correction (09:50 am); (b) With AO correction (09:50 am); (c) The BER results
图 7 (a) 1.8 m地面站照片；(b)地面站系统原理图
Figure 7. (a) Picture of the 1.8 m ground station; (b) The schematic of the ground station
图 8 (a) 自适应光纤耦合器；(b) AO校正后近衍射极限信号光斑；(c) AO开启和关闭时波前残差RMS值
Figure 8. (a) Picture of the adaptive fiber coupler; (b) The near diffraction limited RX spot achieved with AO; (c) Residual wavefront RMS with AO on and off
表 1 LCRD项目主要参数
Table 1. Main parameters of the LCRD project
名称 参数 通信模式 2.88 Gb/s uncoded DPSK
1.244 Gb/s coded DPSK
311 Mb/s 16-PPM下行波长 1545 nm 上行信标波长、发散角及功率 1553 nm, 280 μrad and 4×2.5 W 上行信号波长、发散角及功率 1563 nm, 20 μrad and 10 W 
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表 2 典型光通信地面站AO系统主要参数
Table 2. Main AO system parameters of the typical optical communication station
美国LCRD地面站 德国DLR移动地面站 望远镜口径 1 m 0.26 m 工作湍流条件 r0≥5.2 cm
（λ=500 nm, 最大天顶角70°）r0≥10 cm
（λ=1064 nm）工作时段 白天和夜晚 夜晚 单模光纤耦合效率 ≥55% - 波前探测波长 1545 nm 1064 nm 波前采样频率 10 kHz 6.7 kHz for GEO; 10 kHz for LEO 变形镜单元数 两级校正：12×12低密度变形镜和32×32高密度变形镜 12×12变形镜
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