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摘要
阐述了目前气体浓度检测的7种常用光学方法，针对每种光学方法给予了详细的原理说明，列举了各种光学方法现场应用中的优缺点，以及针对光学方法优缺点所做的改进工作，提出了方法改进中的新颖想法，讨论了各种光学方法的结合使用。这其中包括常规光学气体浓度检测方法：光干涉法、光声光谱法、相关光谱法；以及新型光学气体浓度检测方法：可调谐半导体激光吸收光谱法、倏逝场型光纤气体传感法、空芯光子带隙光纤传感法、光纤环衰荡光谱法。结论指出，小型化、智能化、便携式、低功耗、高准确度、快速响应性及分布式多组分遥测技术成为现阶段光学法检测气体浓度的发展趋势。
Abstract
Seven common optical methods for gas concentration detection are described. The basic principles, advantages and disadvantages of each method are given in detail. The improvement work and some novel ideas are presented. The applications of combined methods are discussed. These optical methods include some conventional gas concentration detection technologies, such as optical interferential method, photoacoustic detection (PAS), correlation spectroscopy, and some novel gas concentration detection technologies, such as tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS), evanescent wave field sensing technology, hollow core photonic bandgap fiber (HC-PBF) sensing technology and fiber loop ring-down spectroscopy (FLRDS). The prospect of optical gas sensing is listed at the end of the paper, which mainly refers to miniaturization, intelligence, portability, low power consumption, high accuracy, fast response and distributed multi-component telemetry technology.
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Key words:
- optical sensing /
- gas concentration /
- detection method /
- fiber optics sensing
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Overview
With the problem of air pollution and the improvement of life quality, people are increasingly anxious about the surrounding air quality in recent years, which also promotes the development of gas concentration detection technologies. At present, these technologies have focused on electrochemical method, catalytic combustion, gas chromatography and optical methods. Among them, the optical method of gas concentration detection has its unique advantages, such as high sensitivity and high accuracy. Through the combination of optical fiber sensing technology, this method can realize the detection of gas concentration in extreme environment, with the advantages of anti-electromagnetic interference, flame retardant, intrinsically safe, and so on. In contrast, the non-optical detection methods make some bad performance, such as poor sensitivity, bad accuracy and low reproducibility, which are unable to be applied to the industrial site.
And seven common optical methods for gas concentration detection are described, which contains 3 conventional gas concentration detection technologies and 4 novel methods. The former is composed of optical interferential method, photoacoustic detection (PAS), and correlation spectroscopy. The latter consists of tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy(TDLAS), evanescent wave field sensing technology, hollow core photonic bandgap fiber(HC-PBF) sensing technology and fiber loop ring-down spectroscopy(FLRDS). The basic principles, advantages and disadvantages of each method are given and compared in detail. The improvement work and some novel ideas are presented. The applications of combined methods are also discussed. The prospect of optical gas sensing is listed, which mainly refers to miniaturization, intelligence, portability, low power consumption, high accuracy, fast response and distributed multi-component telemetry technology.
At last, some new ideas and technologies have been pointed out for gas concentration sensing, such as seeking sensitive films that can interact with the measured gas, adopting special fibers, or using the cladding doped rare earth elements. In addition, on the basis of evanescent field sensing, researchers combine physics with optics to form surface plasmon resonance fiber gas sensing. And the use of hollow core photonic bandgap fiber for the gas chamber, sharing the way with the optical path, increases the utilization of optical power and can achieve distributed sensing, but the gas diffusion cycle time should be considered. The emergence of laser technology makes the optical detection method more excellent, and with the development of wireless communication technology and the awareness of people's health, harmful gas detection devices will be more and more popular with the family. Simultaneously, the telemetry distributed sensing technology for gas concentration will also become increasingly common in factories.
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图 4 光路图. (a)单光束. (b)双光束. (c)双波长.
Figure 4. Optical pathway diagram. (a) Single beam. (b) Double beam. (c) Double wavelength.
表 1 近红外常见气体的吸收波长.
Table 1. Absorption wavelength of near infrared gas.
Gas O2 NO2 H2O C2H2 NH3 CO CO2 H2S CH4 Wavelength λ/μm 0.761 0.8 1.365 1.53 1.544 1.567 1.573 1.578 1.666 
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表 2 各方法性能指标的比较.
Table 2. Comparison of performance indicators of different methods.
Gas Wavelength λ/nm Source Path length Detection limit/measured concentration Sensitivity /response time Technique Ref. H2S 1578 DFB 22 cm 10~50 ppm Not stated M-Z interferometer [11] HF 1300 Laser 10 cm 2~10 ppm 0.08 μL/L PAS [16] CH4 3310 Broad band 17 cm/12 cm 50 ppm 20×10-6 Correlation spectroscopy [24] CH4 1653 DFB 27 m ＜0.1 ppm Not stated TDLAS [28] H2S —— Tungsten halogen lamp 1 cm ZnO thin film & nanoparticles 10~100 ppm 1.49 nm/ppm Evanescentwave [38] CH4 1666 DFB 13.7 cm 158 ppm 248 s HC-PBF [47] CH4 1528~1564 DFB Fiber loopdiameter 50 cm 2.37 ppm 4.21 μs/% FLRDS [53]
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