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摘要
如何在低阈值小尺度(毫瓦或皮焦量级、微米以下)情况下激发非线性光学效应是近年来光学领域研究的重要课题。该研究最直接的应用需求就是光子集成芯片，这是未来实现超高速、大容量信息网络体系的基础。光子晶体具有类似于半导体能带的光子禁带(PBG)，被誉为“光子半导体”，为人们提供了一种新颖而又实用的操纵光子的物理手段，使低阈值、可集成非线性效应产生成为可能。越来越多的非线性效应在光子晶体中已经被发现，例如光子晶体慢光、带隙孤子、电磁感应透明、二次谐波产生、光学双稳态等，本文将着重对可用于光子集成器件开发的光子晶体非线性效应研究领域的一些主要成果和进展进行总结，介绍其相关应用并对光子晶体非线性效应研究作出展望。
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关键词:
- 光子晶体 /
- 非线性光学效应 /
- 低阈值集成光学非线性 /
- 光子集成器件
Abstract
How to excite the nonlinear optical effect in the case of low threshold (mW or pJ order) and small scale (μm or less) is a topic field of optical research in recent years. The most direct application requirement is photonic integrated circuit, which is the foundation to realize the ultra-high speed and large capacity information network in the future. Photonic crystals (PCs) have the photonic band gap (PBG) just like the semiconductor band for electronics, so it is known as "photonic semiconductors". PCs provide a novel and practical means of manipulating photons, therefore the possibility of photonic integrated circuit with low threshold arises. More and more nonlinear effects have been found in PCs, such as photonic crystal slow light, the band gap soliton, electromagnetic induction transparency, second harmonic generation and optical bistability. This paper will focus on the summaries of some major achievements and advances about PCs that would promote the nonlinear photonic integrated devices. Certainly the related applications will be introduced and the future outlook of the nonlinear PCs will be discussed.
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Overview
Abstract:Photonic integrated circuit (or chip) is the foundation of the ultra-high speed and large capacity information network in the future. This leads to a hot point of optical research in recent years that is how to excite the nonlinear optical effect in the case of low threshold (mW or pJ order) and small scale (μm or less). As is known to all, the nonlinear optical effect is too weak to be excited under normal conditions. That is why the nonlinear optics failed to develop before the appearance of laser. In other words, how to excite the nonlinear optical effect in the case of low threshold and small scale is difficult. In recent years, researchers found that the nonlinear optical effect could be greatly enhanced in the photonic crystals (PCs) which are expected to solve this problem.
PC is a artificial periodic nanostructure composed of periodic dielectric. The most typical feature of PC is photonic band gap (PBG). Photons either propagate through this structure or not, depending on their wavelengths in or out of the PBG. The motion of photons in PCs is much the same way as that ionic lattices affect electrons in solids. So PC is also known as “semiconductor crystal for photons”. Thanks to the PBG, the nonlinear optical effects in PCs are more abundant and outstanding. For instance, the nanocavity based on the PCs can get the extremely high Q-factor leading to the low threshold and efficient nonlinear optical effect. Again, at the edge of PBG, the electromagnetic field is violently modulated leading to the huge electric field gradient that creates the conditions for high-order nonlinear effect. Additionally, the periodic optical nanostructure of PCs provides the favorable term for nonlinear enhancement，such as the quasi phase matching that is necessary for second harmonic generation. Moreover, the electromagnetic field resonance and coupling among the discrete components of PCs, nano-waveguide and nano-cavity etc. can be used as the powerful methods to custom-tailor the nonlinear optical effect.
More and more nonlinear effects have been found in PCs, such as photonic crystal slow light, the band gap soliton, electromagnetic induction transparency, second harmonic generation, and optical bistability. This paper focuses on the summaries of some major achievements and advances about PCs that would promote the nonlinear photonic integrated devices. Certainly, the related applications are introduced and the future outlook of the nonlinear PCs is discussed.
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图 7 时间分辨孤子压缩测量[40]. (a)实验FREG谱. (b)测量(红色虚线)和理论(蓝色实线)的脉冲强度强度. (c)时域脉冲强度和位相(红色和绿色虚线为测量强度和位相，蓝色和棕色实线为理论强度和位相).
Figure 7. Time-resolved measurements of soliton compression [40]. (a) Experimental FREG spectrograms. (b) Measured (dashed red) and modelled (blue) intensity in the spectral domain. (c) Measured intensity (dashed red) and phase (dashed green) along with the numerical intensity (blue) and phase (magenta) in the time domain.
图 8 光子晶体类EIT原理示意图.
Figure 8. Schematic diagram of EIT-like system in photonic crystals.
图 11 EIT光子晶体实验结果(红色线为反射光，黑色线为透射光) [49]. (a)无驻波场信号光透射. (b)有驻波时信号光被反射.
Figure 11. Experimental result of EIT photonic crystals (red curve for reflection and black curve for transmission) [49]. (a) Probe field is transmitted when the backward coupling field is absent. (b) Probe field is reflected when the system is coupled by standing wave.
图 13 不同失谐量时光二极管实验结果[50]. (a) δ=0.2Υbc. (b) δ= -0.2Υbc. (c)对应(a)(黑色)、(b)(红色)的传输对比度. Υbc为能级|b〉和|c〉间的退相干度.
Figure 13. Experimental results of photonic diode with different detuning δ [50]. (a) δ=0.2Υbc. (b) δ= - 0.2Υbc. (c) Contrast of the transmittance for (a) (black) and (b) (red). Υbc: decoherence rate between levels |b〉 and |c〉.
图 14 一维光子晶体Laue衍射SHG方案示意图[59]. (a)光子晶体结构和入射光位置示意图. (b)基频光和倍频光Bormann和反Bormann模式波矢位相匹配示意图.
Figure 14. Schematic view of SHG in 1D PCs in the Laue geometry [59]. (a) Schematic diagram of PCs and incident light. (b) Quasi phase matching sketch by Borrmann and anti-Borrmann eigenvectors of the PCs for the fundamental (red) and SH (blue) waves.
表 1 基于Si光子晶体微腔的双稳态参数对比.
Table 1. Comparison of bistable parameters based on Si PCs nanocavities.
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