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摘要
激光微细加工技术具有超快、超精密等特性，在医疗器材领域的应用中有着传统加工技术无可比拟的独特优势，尤其是对生物材料表面加工改性，提高材料生物相容性方面有着不可替代的作用。本文综述了近年来激光微加工技术在医疗器材制造加工领域的最新应用，着重介绍了血管支架和骨支架的结构与表面制造，生物材料表面改性与抗菌性处理等。最后对目前激光微加工技术存在的局限性做了讨论，对未来激光微加工技术在医疗器材领域的应用发展做了展望。
Abstract
Laser microfabrication has the characteristics of ultra fast, ultra precision, etc. It has unique advantages in the field of medical equipment by contrast with traditional processing technology. Especially, it plays an irreplaceable role in the surface processing of biological materials to improve the biocompatibility of materials. The latest application of laser microfabrication in the field of medical equipment manufacturing and processing in recent years is reviewed. The structure and surface manufacturing of vascular stents and bone stents, and the surface modification of biomaterials and antibacterial treatment are emphatically introduced. Finally, the limitations of the current laser micromachining technology are discussed, and the application and development of laser micromachining technology in medical equipment in the future are prospected.
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Key words:
- laser micromachining /
- vascular stent /
- bone stent /
- biological materials /
- antibacterial
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Overview
Overview: In recent years, the manufacturing industry has been developing in the direction of precision and high precision. In order to improve machining accuracy, scholars at home and abroad have carried out a lot of research on micro-machining. As a high-precision, green, and environment-friendly non-contact processing technology, laser processing has good flexibility and controllability. Because of its high accuracy, fast speed, small damage, and high power density, it has a broad application prospect in the biomedical field. Laser micro-processing technology endows biomaterials with new structures and functions, fully mobilizes the human body's self-repair ability, and realizes the permanent rehabilitation of damaged tissues or organs, which has become the development direction of contemporary biomedical science.
In order to systematically demonstrate the achievements of laser micromachining technology in the field of biomedicine, this paper analyzes the advantages of laser micromachining in the precision forming and surface modification of medical components from the manufacturing process and surface microstructure of medical devices, and summarizes the latest progress of laser micromachining technology in the manufacturing and processing of typical biomedical components. The influence of surface microstructures on the biocompatibility and antibacterial properties of medical components was explored. Furthermore, the achievements of laser micro-processing technology in the field of medical equipment manufacturing were systematically demonstrated.
Finally, the limitations of laser processing at present are summarized, and the application and development of laser micromachining technology in the field of medical equipment in the future are prospected. Although laser micro-processing technology can micro-process a new generation of implantable medical devices with extremely fine structure, making the commercial use of the next generation of implantable medical devices feasible, the development of laser micro-processing technology in the biomedical field is not mature enough, the production efficiency is low, and the work stability needs to be improved. For the laser micromachining process, a complete set of theories has not yet been formed to explain the physical nature of the interaction between the laser and material under the extreme conditions of ultra-fast, ultra-short, and ultra-strong, nor can the impact of laser micromachining on the material structure and physical and chemical properties be well evaluated. The next work still needs a lot of basic and regular research. At the same time, according to the characteristics of laser micromachining and the properties of the processed materials, it is also necessary to develop simulation analysis software to simulate the micromachining process and optimize the parameters of the laser micromachining process.
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图 6 激光3D打印的骨科植入物。 (a) 人工关节；(b) 头额骨；(c) 椎间融合器
Figure 6. Orthopaedic Implants by the laser 3D printer. (a) Artificial joint; (b) Forehead bone; (c) Intervertebral fusion cage
图 7 生物陶瓷支架激光制造[36] 。 (a) 激光沿着预定路径选择性地烧结β-TCP粉末；(b) 多孔β-TCP生物陶瓷支架的宏观形态；(c) 单个烧结路径的微观结构
Figure 7. Laser manufacturing of bioceramic stent[36]. (a) Selective laser sintering along a predetermined path β-TCP powder; (b) Porous β-Macro morphology of TCP bioceramic stent; (c) Microstructure of a single sintering path
表 1 医疗器械领域中激光加工成形技术
Table 1. Laser processing and forming technology in the field of medical devices
医疗器材 激光类型 加工材料 血管支架 飞秒激光，纳秒激光，皮秒激光，微秒激光 金属材料，可降解聚合物材料 骨支架 激光3D打印 金属材料，生物陶瓷等 
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表 2 血管支架激光加工材料及方法
Table 2. Materials and methods for laser processing of vascular stent
支架材料 激光加工方法 激光波长/nm 316L不锈钢 Nd:YAG激光，微秒激光，纳秒激光，飞秒激光 355~1064 钛及其合金 飞秒激光 1064 镁合金 飞秒激光-辅助气体 1064 高分子材料 飞秒激光-辅助气体，飞秒激光-辅助衬套 1030~1064
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表 3 激光3D打印骨支架
Table 3. Laser 3D printing bone stent
骨支架材料 3D打印技术(微纳秒激光) 金属材料(钛，镁，不锈钢等) SLM 生物陶瓷 SL, SLA, SLS, DLP
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