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Research advances of partially coherent beams with novel coherence structures: engineering and applications
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摘要:
结构光场的空域调控包括振幅、相位、偏振、相干度等丰富自由度，对其自由度的单一或联合调控引发了一系列新奇物理效应，在新型结构光场构建及多种领域中具有重要应用。相比于完全相干光场，部分相干光场在抵抗散斑噪声和大气湍流扰动等方面具有独特优势。近年来，具有新型相干结构的部分相干光束在大气传输、光学加密与成像、信息鲁棒传输、高质量光束整形等领域有着重要研究价值。本文详细综述了具有新型相干结构部分相干光场的理论构建与实验合成的研究进展，并重点介绍了新型相干结构光场在复杂环境中的鲁棒传输特性及其在光学加密、成像、鲁棒信息传输及光束整形中的应用研究进展。研究表明，新型相干结构光场调控不仅提供了一种有效抵抗复杂环境扰动的有效手段，而且丰富了光场调控技术在多种领域中的应用。最后，对新型相干结构调控技术发展趋势及潜在应用前景进行了展望。
Abstract:Structured light has rich adjustable spatial degrees of freedom, including amplitude, phase, polarization, degree of coherence, etc. The modulation of these degrees of freedom has triggered a variety of novel physical effects and has found use in constructing new structured light beams and a large range of applications. Compared to the fully coherent light, partially coherent beams (PCBs) have advantages in resisting the speckle noise and the fluctuations of atmospheric turbulence. Recently, the PCBs with nonconventional coherence structures have been found to have important potential applications in atmospheric transmission, optical encryption and imaging, robust information transmission, and high-quality beam shaping. In this review, we summarize in detail the progress of the theoretical construction and experimental generation of PCBs with novel coherence structures. Meanwhile, we outline their robust propagation properties in complex media and important applications in optical encryption, imaging, robust information transfer, and beam shaping. It is found the modulation of spatial coherence structure of PCBs provides not only an efficient way to resist the random fluctuations of complex environments, but also a new degree of freedom to enrich the application scopes of structured light. Finally, the development trend and the further applications of the nonconventional coherence structure engineering are prospected.
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Overview: Optical coherence, as a fundamental resource in all areas of optical physics, plays a vital role in understanding interference, propagation, scattering, imaging, light-matter interactions, and other fundamental characteristics from classical to quantum optical wave fields. The theory of optical coherence is the most powerful tool to describe the statistical characters of random light beams (also named partially coherent beams). In the space-frequency domain, the spatial coherence property of a partially coherent light beam is characterized by a two-point spectral degree of coherence that is a normalized version of the cross-spectral density function. Nowadays, the degree of coherence has been viewed as a novel degree of freedom for the structured partially coherent light beams, which is akin to the deterministic properties, such as the amplitude, phase, and polarization of a fully coherent structured light beam. Due to the fundamental difference between the two-point degree of coherence of partially coherent light and the one-point deterministic features of fully coherent light, the partially coherent beams with customized spatial coherence have shown many unique properties and been found to be more advantageous in particular applications. By simply adjusting the spatial coherence width of the degree of coherence for a partially coherent beam can help reduce the turbulence-induced signal distortion in free-space optical communications and resist the speckle noise in optical imaging. Only recently, it has been found that not only the spatial coherence width but also the spatial coherence distribution of the degree of coherence can be customized, which has enabled a host of novel physical effects, including beam’s self-shaping, self-reconstruction, and self-focusing, and has aroused many important potential applications. In this paper, we review the fundamental theory and efficient experimental protocols for tailoring the spatial coherence structure of the degree of coherence for the partially coherent light beams. The differences and the advantages between the two strategies for producing the partially coherent beams with nonconventional spatial coherence structures are discussed. Meanwhile, we mainly focus on the applications of the spatial coherence structure engineering in coherence-based optical encryption, robust optical imaging, sub-Rayleigh imaging, robust far-field information transfer, and high-quality beam shaping. It is found that the spatial coherence structure engineering provides an efficient degree of freedom for the manipulation of structured light and paves the way for resisting the side effects induced by random fluctuations of complex media. We prospect that the spatial coherence engineering protocols can be extended to the temporal domain or even to the spatiotemporal domain and will find broader applications for light manipulations and light-matter interactions.
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图 1 光场相干结构调控及应用示意图
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of light field coherence structure engineering and applications
图 2 新型相干结构光束理论产生(a) 非相干光源到部分相干光源法[41]；(b) 相干模、伪模和随机模分解法[76]
Figure 2. Generation of partially coherent beams with prescribed coherence structure (a) from incoherent to partially coherent beams[41]; (b) Coherence-modal representation (CMR), pseudo-modal representation (PMR), random-modal representation (RMR) [76]
图 3 部分相干光束实验产生装置。(a) 动态散射体法[44]；(b) 模式分解法(利用蒙特卡罗谱法)[89]；(c) 模式分解法(利用空间光调制器SLM)[90]；(d) 模式分解法(利用数字微镜器件DMD)[57]
Figure 3. Experimental setup for generating of partially coherent beams. (a) Experimental realization of partially coherent beams via dynamic scattering medium (rotating ground-glass disk)[44]; (b)~(d) Experimental realization of partially coherent beams via mode superposition by using Monte Carlo[89], and spatial light modulator (SLM) [90], digital micro-mirror device (DMD) [57]
图 4 部分相干光空间相干结构测量。(a) 杨氏双缝法[27]；(b) 强度关联法[91]；(c) 广义HBT 实验法[93]；(d)相位扰动法[96]
Figure 4. Measurement of spatial coherence structure of partially coherent beams. (a) Via Young’s interferometry with two holes[27]; (b) Via intensity-intensity correlation[91]; (c) Via generalized Hanbury Brown-Twiss experiment[93]; (d) Via self-referencing holography[96]
图 5 新型相干结构调控在光束整形中的应用。(a) 光束自分裂[59]; (b) 光学囚笼[47]; (c) 阵列光斑[101]; (d) 光束自修复[63]; (e) 光束自偏移[71]; (f) 光束自聚焦及自偏移[50-51]
Figure 5. Applications of novel coherence structures engineering of light field in beam shaping. (a) Self-splitting of a focused Hermite Gaussian correlated beam[59]; (b) Optical cage formation with a focused Laguerre Gaussian correlated[47]; (c) Radially polarized beam array generation[101]; (d) Self-reconstruction of the partially coherent beams[63] ; (e) Self-steering of a phase-engineering of the partially coherent beams[71]; (f) Self-focusing and Self-steering of the non-uniform partially coherent beams[50-51]
图 6 新型相干结构调控在大气传输中的应用。(a)大气传输示意图[102]；(b)多高斯关联谢尔模大气湍流传输闪烁系数[105];(c)部分相干径向偏振谢尔模光束、部分相干径向偏振厄米非均匀关联光束(厄米阶数分别为m = 0 和m = 1)在大气湍流传输中的光强演化图[90]；(d)高斯谢尔模、部分相干涡旋光束、部分相干径向偏振及部分相干径向偏振涡旋光束在大气传输中的光强闪烁系数[107]
Figure 6. Applications of novel coherence structures engineering of light field in turbulence. (a) Schematic for the propagation of light beams through turbulence atmosphere[102]; (b) Scintillation index of multi Gaussian Schell-model beams propagation in turbulence[105]; (c) The evolution of the intensity of the Radially polarization Gaussian Schell model (GSM) (RPPC) beam in turbulence, and the radially polarized Hermite non-uniformly correlated (RPHNUC) beams upon propagation in turbulence with different mode orders m = 0 and m = 1[90]; (d) The on-axis scintillation of the GSM beams, PCB with vortex phase and partially coherent radially polarization (PCRP) with and without vortex phase for different transverse coherence width[107]
图 7 新型相干结构调控在克服瑞利衍射极限中的应用。(a) 经典4f成像示意图[113]；(b) 新型相干结构克服衍射极限结果图[113]；(c) 具有方向选择性克服衍射极限实验装置图[115]；(d) 具有方向选择性克服衍射极限实验结果图[115]
Figure 7. Applications of novel coherence structures engineering of light field in overcoming the classical Rayleigh diffraction limit. (a) Schematic diagram of the telecentric imaging system[113]; (b) Results of the imaging of the target under the partially coherent beams with prescribed coherence structure[113]; (c) Experimental setup for the orientation-selective sub-Rayleigh imaging with the spatial coherence lattice[115]; (d) Experimental sub-Rayleigh imaging results of the target image under the illumination of the partially coherent beam with three kinds of spatial coherence lattice[115]
图 8 新型相干结构调控在复杂光学成像中的应用。(a) 光学鲁棒成像[116]；(b) 散射介质前移动目标跟踪[93]； (c) 相位物体成像[117]；(d) 显微相位成像[118]
Figure 8. Applications of novel coherence structures engineering of light field in complex optical imaging. (a) Robust optical imaging with the special correlated partially coherent beams[116]; (b) Moving targets tracking through scattering media via the complex spatial coherence structure[93]; (c) The imaging of the phase object with the complex spatial coherence structure by self-reference holography[117]; (d) The microscopic phase imaging[118]
图 9 新型相干结构调控在光学加密中的应用。(a) 基于光场相干结构调控的光学图像加解密原理图；(b) 光学图像加解密结果图；(c) 光学图像加解密鲁棒性[128]
Figure 9. Applications of novel coherence structures engineering of light field in optical encryption. (a) Schematic diagram of the optical encryption and decryption through the manipulation of the spatial coherence structure; (b) Results of the decryption of the original encryption image from the measured cross-spectral density function with correct decryption key; (c) The robustness of the optical imaging encryption and decryption in turbulence via the measurement of the spatial coherence structure[128]
图 10 新型相干结构调控在鲁棒远场信息传输中的应用。(a) 远场图像传输原理图[133]；(b) 鲁棒远场成像实验装置图[132]；(c) 大气湍流环境下鲁棒远场成像结果图[132]；(d) 传输链路出现障碍物下鲁棒远场成像结果图[133]
Figure 10. Applications of novel coherence structures engineering of light field in the robust far-field information transmission. (a) A schematic of the principle for far-field optical image transmission with a structured random light beam[133]; (b) Experimental setup for robust far-field imaging in free space as well as in turbulent atmosphere[132]; (c) Results of the reconstructed image in turbulence with different strength[132]; (d) Results for the modulus of the spatial degree of coherence in the focal plane and the corresponding results for the recovered image with the presence of the obstacle in the transmission link[133]
图 11 新型相干结构调控在矢量光场中的应用。(a) 远场光强及偏振整形[83]；(b) 远场任意阵列光束生成[148]；(c) 焦平面处可控光学囚笼产生[148]；(d) 紧聚焦焦场纵向光强整形[149]；(e) 散射介质前矢量偏振信息恢复[94]
Figure 11. Applications of novel coherence structures engineering in vector light field. (a) Shaping of the far-field intensity and state of polarization[83]; (b) Generation of the far-field arbitrary array beams[148]; (c) An optical cage is derived around the focal region[148]; (d) Shaping of longitudinal spectral density in the tight focusing system[149]; (e) Recovery of the polarization state of the field hidden behind a scattering media[94]
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