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Advances of key technologies on distributed fiber system for multi-parameter sensing
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摘要:
分布式光纤传感系统利用光纤既能传感又能传输信号的特性实现对光纤沿线振动、应变、温度等物理量的长距离连续测量，在周界安防、电网管道监控、大型结构健康监测等领域具有十分广阔的应用前景。上述的实际应用中，事件或故障的发生通常表现为振动、应变以及温度等物理量的改变，振动的探测频响高低、应变探测的动态响应能力以及多参数的同时测量都会影响事件的定位或预警。因此，振动的宽频测量、应变的动态测量以及多参数测量，对事件定位和信息完整捕获起着至关重要的作用，能够推动分布式光纤传感的应用发展。本文介绍了近年来在分布式光纤传感系统中，基于瑞利散射的宽频振动测量、基于布里渊散射的应变动态测量以及基于多散射的多参数测量取得的研究进展。
Abstract:Based on the fiber's characteristics of both sensing and transmission for physical signal, distributed fiber sensing system can realize long-distance and continuous measurement of the strain, temperature and vibration along fiber, which has a great promise in applications of the perimeter security, electric wire and pipeline monitoring, structural health diagnosis for large infrastructure, and so on. The occurrence of events or failures usually causes the changes of multiple parameters such as vibration, strain and temperature, whose measurement contributes to fault diagnosis and intrusion recognition along sensing fiber. This paper overviews the recent progress in distributed fiber sensing systems, including wide-frequency vibration measurement based on Rayleigh scattering, dynamic measurement of strain based on Brillouin scattering and multi-parameter measurement based on multiple scattering mechanisms.
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Key words:
- distributed optical fiber sensing /
- multi-parameter measurement /
- Rayleigh /
- Brillouin /
- Raman
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Overview: Distributed fiber sensing system can realize long-distance and continuous measurement with a tremendous potential of applications to the fields such as perimeter security, pipeline monitoring and structural health diagnosis for large infrastructure, whose faults or intrusions constantly cause changes of multiple physical parameters, namely vibration, strain and temperature. In addition, the alert and location abilities are also determined by the frequency response range of vibration and the dynamic response ability of strain, which are critical to obtain full information of external events. According to recent research progress in distributed fiber sensing system, wide-frequency vibration measurement based on Rayleigh scattering, dynamic strain measurement based on Brillouin scattering and multi-parameter measurement based on multiple scattering mechanisms are proposed, respectively.
Distributed vibration sensing system based on the combination of Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) and φ-OTDR can realize wide frequency response range and high-precision location. In order to solve the trade-off between the highest frequency response range and signal to noise ratio of location signal, the time-division multiplexing technology based on the merits of MZI and φ-OTDR is proposed. In addition, frequency-division multiplexing technology based on φ-OTDR system can break through the limitation of sensing distance on frequency response range. However, it poses considerable difficulties in realizing the dynamic measurement of vibration-induced strain with large strain range in conventional φ-OTDR system. Through fixing the frequency of probe light at the half height of Brillouin gain spectrum (BGS), slope-assisted technology based on Brillouin optical time domain analysis (BOTDA) system can avoid excessive time of sweeping frequency and improve the dynamic response ability. Compared with slope-assisted technology, the fast BOTDA technology is proposed to improves the dynamic response ability without shortening the dynamic range. Above all, the OTDR system based on Rayleigh scattering and spontaneous Raman scattering has been used to measure vibration and temperature along sensing fiber. Interestingly, the distributed fiber sensing system by integrating φ-OTDR and Brillouin optical time domain reflectometry is proposed for simultaneous multi-parameter detection, including vibration, strain and temperature.
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图 18 (a) 瑞利散射信号移动差分后的信号叠加图；(b)振动空间分辨率；(c)振动信号频率为10 kHz的时域图；(d)振动信号频率为10 kHz的频域图；(e)传感光纤的温度分布曲线；(f)温度空间分辨率[31]
Figure 18. (a) The superimposed moving differential signals of Rayleigh traces; (b) Vibration spatial resolution; (c) Time domain diagram of vibration signal of 10 kHz; (d) Frequency domain diagram of vibration signal of 10 kHz; (e) Temperature distribution curve along the sensing fiber; (f) The spatial resolution of temperature[31]
图 19 (a) φ-OTDR复合系统原理图；(b) 10 km传感光纤的布里渊频移图谱；(c)在传感光纤末端同时施加温度、应变以及振动后的布里渊频移谱[32]
Figure 19. (a) The system diagram of φ-BOTDR; (b) Brillouin frequency shift of 10 km sensing fiber; (c) Brillouin frequency shift of end section of the sensing fiber when applied temperate shift, strain and vibration simultaneously[32]
图 20 (a) 当加载100 Hz振动信号时光纤末端φ-OTDR散射信号；(b)加载500 Hz，1 kHz，3 kHz和4.8 kHz的振动时，振动点信号的快速傅里叶变换频谱[32]
Figure 20. (a) φ-OTDR traces at the end section of the sensing fiber when the PZT is driven by 100 Hz; (b) FFT transform spectra of the vibration point when 500 Hz, 1 kHz, 3 kHz and 4.8 kHz sinusoidal signals are applied to the PZT, respectively[32]
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